कोर्सो विदेशी मुद्रा व्यापार 6 12 कीट से बचाने वाली क्रीम इतिहास

नए शोध से पता चलता है कि कीट-रिपेलिंग रासायनिक डीईटी वास्तव में खतरनाक तंत्रिका गैसों और खतरनाक कीटनाशकों दोनों तरह की कीड़े और स्तनधारियों के तंत्रिका तंत्र पर हमला करके उसी तरह कार्य करती हैं। इन निष्कर्षों को विशेष रूप से अन्य रसायनों के संयोजन के साथ, कहा इंस्टीट्यूट डी रिकशे के शोधकर्ता विन्सेन्ट कॉरबेल ने मोंटेपेलियर में डेवलपमेंट लॉस किया डीएटी (एन, एन-डायथाइल-मेटा-टूलामाइड के लिए) के रूप में जाना जाने वाला रासायनिक दुनिया में लगभग हर आम तौर पर इस्तेमाल मच्छर विकर्षक में पाया जाता है, और 1 9 57 में उपभोक्ता बाजार की शुरूआत के बाद से आठ अरब खुराक लगाए गए हैं। रासायनिक मूल रूप से 1 9 46 में यू.एस. सेना द्वारा कीट-विकर्षक के रूप में विकसित किया गया था, द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध में जंगल युद्ध के अनुभव के अनुसार। अधिक लोकप्रिय प्रथाओं (जैसे कि कुछ सब्जी-आधारित तेलों) की तुलना में लंबे समय से अधिक समय तक दवाइयों की महत्वपूर्ण किस्मों को खारिज करने में इसकी लोकप्रियता काफी हद तक लोकप्रिय हो जाती है, और यह तथ्य है कि इसे स्प्रे, तरल पदार्थ या लोशन में शामिल किया जा सकता है। इसके बावजूद शोधकर्ताओं ने लंबे समय से आग्रह किया है कि रसायन सुरक्षित है, फिर भी वे यह सलाह देते हैं कि उपभोक्ता त्वचा या कपड़ों को उजागर करने के लिए आवश्यक न्यूनतम विकर्षक का उपयोग करें, और उस डीएटी रिपेलेंट्स को सीधे किसी भी परेशान या घायल त्वचा पर लागू नहीं किया जाता है। हालांकि संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका 100 प्रतिशत डीएटी रिपेलेंट्स की बिक्री की अनुमति देता है, जबकि कई अन्य देशों में रसायनों की अधिकतम मात्रा 30 या 50 प्रतिशत तक सीमित होती है। रसायनों के लंबे प्रयोग के बावजूद, शोधकर्ता इस बात से अनिश्चित हैं कि मच्छरों को दूर करने के लिए कैसे काम करता है। मस्तिष्क के व्यवहार को लंबे समय से माना जाता है कि कीड़े को नुकसान पहुंचाने के बिना मच्छर के व्यवहार को प्रभावित किया जा सकता है, शायद उनके गंध की भावना और मानवीय शिकार को खोजने की उनकी क्षमता के साथ हस्तक्षेप करके। फिर भी नए अध्ययन, जर्नल में प्रकाशित किया गया है बायोमेड सेंट्रल जीवविज्ञान पता चलता है कि डीएटी सीधे कीड़े तंत्रिका तंत्र के साथ हस्तक्षेप करके कार्य कर सकती है। हमने पाया है कि डीएटी केवल एक व्यवहार-संशोधित रासायनिक नहीं है बल्कि इन दोनों कीड़ों और स्तनधारियों में एक केंद्रीय केंद्रीय तंत्रिका तंत्र की एंजाइम, एसिटाइलकोलेनेस्टेस की गतिविधि को भी रोकता है, शोधकर्ताओं ने कहा। तिलचट्टे और चूहों में किए गए प्रयोगों में, शोधकर्ताओं ने पाया कि डीईटी ने तंत्रिका संबंधी एंजाइम एसिटाइलकोलेनेस्टेस की कार्रवाई को रोक दिया। यह एक ही तंत्र है जो लोकप्रिय कार्बामेट और ऑर्गोफोस्फेट कीटनाशकों के जहरीले प्रभावों के साथ ही साथ सैरिन और वीएक्स न्यूर गैस जैसी रासायनिक हथियारों का भी कारण बनता है। इसका मतलब यह हो सकता है कि डीएटी रिपेलेंट वास्तव में कीटनाशक हैं और मानव तंत्रिका तंत्र को नुकसान पहुंचा सकते हैं। ऑर्गेनोफोसाइट्स कीटनाशकों में से एक है जो दुनिया भर में कीटनाशक के जहर में सबसे ज्यादा फैलता है। और कृषि क्षेत्रों में भी आमतौर पर इस्तेमाल किया आत्महत्या पद्धति है तंत्रिका गैसों की तरह, ऑर्गोफॉस्फेट्स एसिटाइलकोलेनेस्टेस को निष्क्रिय कर देते हैं, जिससे उच्च खुराक पर अत्यधिक लार और आंखों के पानी को कम खुराक और मांसपेशियों में ऐंठन या मौत पर पहुंचा जा सकता है। यद्यपि carbamates organophosphates के रूप में विषाक्त नहीं हैं, उनके प्रभाव उच्च पर्याप्त खुराक पर ही गंभीर हो सकते हैं। सशक्त सबूत भी इन कीटनाशकों को कम मात्रा में दीर्घकालिक जोखिम के कारण खतरनाक स्वास्थ्य प्रभावों से जोड़ता है। पिछला अध्ययनों ने बच्चों में दौरे का कारण होने में डीएटी को निकाला है, लेकिन वर्तमान अध्ययन यह है कि यह कैसे पता चलता है कि रासायनिक तंत्रिका तंत्र पर सीधे कैसे कार्य करता है। शोधकर्ताओं ने यह भी पाया कि डीओटी के प्रभाव को बढ़ाया गया जब इसका प्रयोग ऑर्गोफोसाइट्स या कार्बामेट्स के साथ मिश्रित विकर्षक-कीटनाशी उत्पादों के रूप में किया गया था। ड्यूक यूनिवर्सिटी मेडिकल सेंटर के बाई अबू-डोनिया ने कहा कि नए निष्कर्ष डीएटी के जोखिमों में पिछले अनुसंधान के अनुरूप हैं। डीट कीड़े से बचाव के लिए एक अच्छा रसायन है, अबू-डोनिया ने कहा। लेकिन लंबे समय तक न्यूरोलॉजिकल नुकसान में जोखिम परिणाम, और यह अन्य रसायनों और दवाओं द्वारा बढ़ाया है। नए अध्ययन के शोधकर्ताओं ने सुझाव दिया है कि छह वर्ष से कम उम्र के गर्भवती महिलाओं और बच्चों को डॉट युक्त मच्छर रोगियों का इस्तेमाल करने से बचने के लिए अबू-डोनिया आगे बढ़कर, ऐसे उत्पादों को चेतावनी लेबल्स ले जाने के लिए बुला रहे थे, जो न्यूरोलॉजिकल नुकसान का कारण बनने की क्षमता के बारे में बताते हैं। पर्यावरण संरक्षण एजेंसी की 2018 की योजना बनाई सुरक्षा की समीक्षा है। द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के दौरान जंगल युद्ध के अपने अनुभव के बाद संयुक्त राज्य सेना ने डीईईटी विकसित किया था। यह मूल रूप से खेत के खेतों पर कीटनाशक के रूप में परीक्षण किया गया था, और 1 9 46 में सैन्य उपयोग में प्रवेश किया था और 1 9 57 में नागरिक उपयोग (6-12 के रूप में विपणन) था। इसका उपयोग वियतनाम और दक्षिणपूर्व एशिया में किया गया था हाल ही में, डीईईटी एक केंद्रीय तंत्रिका तंत्र की एंजाइम, एसिटाइलकोलेनेस्टेस की क्रिया को दोनों कीड़े और स्तनधारियों में बाधित पाया गया है। प्राकृतिक मच्छर Repellents Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) आमतौर पर मच्छर संयंत्र के रूप में जाना जाता है सीट्रोनेला तेल पत्तियों से प्राप्त आवश्यक तेलों में से एक है और सिम्बोपोगोन की विभिन्न प्रजातियों के उपजी है। लीटमस या नींबू अजवायन के फूल के पत्तों से पत्तियों को क्रश करें, अपनी पूरी तरह से प्राकृतिक कीट से बचाने के लिए एक सिट्रोनेला तेल के आधार का उपयोग करें। मोमबत्तियों और लैंप जलाएं जो कि बाहरी इलाकों में सीट्रॉनला तेल युक्त होते हैं ताकि एक विशाल क्षेत्र में कीड़ों को पीछे हटाना हो। मुझे एक पुराना अंगूठा मिला है। 04112018, 20365346 अस्वीकरण: जो भी आप पढ़ते हैं उसके आधार पर कोई भी वित्तीय निर्णय लेने से पहले हमेशा एक सलाहकार या विशेषज्ञ से परामर्श करें हॉटकाप्पर वेबसाइट को रिपोर्ट कार्ड पीटीआई लिमिटेड द्वारा संचालित किया गया है। वेबसाइट पर पोस्ट की गई कोई भी जानकारी आपके उद्देश्यों, वित्तीय स्थिति या जरूरतों को ध्यान में रखते हुए तैयार की गई है और इस प्रकार, आपको सूचना या सलाह पर कार्य करने से पहले, उचित होने पर विचार करना चाहिए। आपके उद्देश्यों, वित्तीय स्थिति या जरूरतों के संबंध में सूचना या सलाह। कृपया ध्यान रखें कि इस साइट पर पोस्ट की गई किसी भी जानकारी को वित्तीय उत्पाद सलाह नहीं माना जाना चाहिए। समय समय पर अन्य निवेशकों के साथ छेड़छाड़ करने के उद्देश्य से इन मंचों पर दिखाई दे सकते हैं पोस्टर अन्य निवेशकों को प्रभावित करने के प्रयास में विशेष शेयरों पर अत्यधिक आशावादी या निराशावादी टिप्पणियां पोस्ट कर सकते हैं। प्रबंधन सभी पदों को मॉडरेट करने के लिए संभव नहीं है इसलिए कुछ भी भ्रामक और गलत पोस्ट अभी भी इन मंचों पर प्रदर्शित हो सकते हैं। अगर आपको किसी पोस्ट या पोस्ट के साथ गंभीर चिंता हो रही है, तो आपको ऊपर दिए गए लिंक पर इस्तेमाल की जाने वाली उल्लंघन (टीओयू) की रिपोर्ट करनी चाहिए। जब तक विशेष रूप से कहा गया है कि इस साइट पर पोस्ट करने वाले व्यक्ति निवेश सलाहकार नहीं हैं और निवेश सलाह देने के लिए आवश्यक लाइसेंस या कोई औपचारिक प्रशिक्षण नहीं रखता है। फ़िनलैंड (फ़िनिश: स्लोमी स्वीडिश: फिनलैंड) उत्तरी यूरोप में है और रूस के साथ सीमाएं हैं पूर्व में, नॉर्वे के उत्तर में, और स्वीडन को पश्चिम में। फ़िनलैंड अच्छी तरह से योजनाबद्ध और आरामदायक छोटे शहरों और शहरों के साथ एक अच्छी तरह से आधुनिक कल्याणकारी राज्य है, लेकिन फिर भी अशुभ प्रकृति के विशाल क्षेत्र प्रदान करता है फ़िनलैंड में लगभग 188,000 झीलें (देश के लगभग 10) और एक समान संख्या में द्वीप हैं देश के उत्तरी भाग में उत्तरी लाइट्स गर्मियों में सर्दियों और आधी रात को सूरज में देखा जा सकता है। फिन्स भी कोर्वाटूँतुरी के पौराणिक पहाड़ पर सांता क्लॉस के घर के रूप में दावा करते हैं, और लापलैंड के एक बढ़ते पर्यटन उद्योग सांता प्रशंसकों को पूरा करता है। दुनिया में सबसे अधिक तकनीकी रूप से विकसित देशों में से एक में रहने के बावजूद फिन्स गर्मियों के महीनों में अपनी गर्मियों में कॉटेज से प्यार करना पसंद करता है ताकि सौना, तैराकी, मछली पकड़ने और बार्बेक्यूइंग सहित आराम से सभी समय का आनंद उठाया जा सके। आज फिनलैंड की एक विशिष्ट भाषा और संस्कृति है जो इसे नॉर्डिक यूरोप के बाकी हिस्सों से अलग करती है। संपादन को समझें इतिहास संपादित करें सेंट ओलाफ्स कैसल, 1475 में स्वीडन द्वारा सावनलिंना में निर्मित दुनिया के उत्तरी मध्ययुगीन महल, फिनलैंड के शुरुआती इतिहास के बारे में बहुत कुछ नहीं है, फिर भी पुरातत्वविदों के साथ अब भी बहस हो रही है कि जब और जहां फिनो-उग्रिक वक्ताओं की एक जनजाति पैदा होती है रोमन इतिहासकार टैसिटस ने एक आदिवासी आदिवासी और जंगली फ़ेंनी का उल्लेख 100AD में किया और यहां तक ​​कि वाइकिंग्स ने तटों के साथ समझौता, व्यापार और लूटने का नहीं चुना। 1150 के मध्य में स्वीडन ने फिनिश पूंजीपतियों को बयाना में शुरू करने के लिए शुरू किया और 124 9 में अधिकांश देश को स्वीडन में शामिल कर दिया, बिरगेर जारल ने 1 9वीं सदी तक स्वीडन का एक अभिन्न हिस्सा बना दिया। हालांकि, निकट-निरंतर युद्ध था पूर्वी सीमा पर रूस और दो संक्षिप्त व्यवसायों के साथ। स्वीडन के 1808-180 9 के फिनिश युद्ध में अंतिम विनाशकारी हार के बाद फिनलैंड 1809 में स्वायत्त भव्य डुची रूसी शासन के तहत बन गया। रूसी शासन सहिष्णुता और दमन के बीच बदल गया और 1 9 17 में जब रूस क्रांतिकारी अराजकता में गिरा, तब एक महत्वपूर्ण आजादी आंदोलन पहले से ही था। संसद ने सोवियत सहमति प्राप्त करने के अवसर पर दिसंबर में स्वतंत्रता की घोषणा की और स्वतंत्रता की घोषणा की, लेकिन देश तुरंत एक संक्षिप्त लेकिन कड़वी नागरिक रूढ़िवादी गोरे और समाजवादी रेड्स के बीच युद्ध, अंततः गोरे द्वारा जीता। द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के दौरान, फ़िनलैंड को सोवियत संघ द्वारा शीतकालीन युद्ध में हमला किया गया था। लेकिन उन्हें एक ठहराव के साथ लड़ा गया जो कि सोवियत संघ को फिनिश क्षेत्र के 12 पर विजय प्राप्त हुई। फ़िनलैंड तो सोवियत संघ को पीछे हटाने और खो गया क्षेत्र वापस पाने के लिए असफल प्रयास में जर्मनी के साथ संबद्ध था, हार गया था और शांति के लिए एक शर्त के रूप में, जर्मनी के बजाय उसके खिलाफ होना था इस प्रकार फिनलैंड द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के दौरान तीन अलग-अलग युद्ध लड़े। अंत में, फ़िनलैंड ने करेलिया और फिनलैंड के दूसरे शहर वबोर्ग को खो दिया। लेकिन सोवियत संघ ने 300,000 से अधिक मृत लोगों के लिए उनके लिए भारी कीमत चुकाई। युद्ध के बाद, फ़िनलैंड पश्चिमी देशों और सोवियत संघ के बीच ग्रे ज़ोन में था। फिनो-सोवियत समझौता मित्रता, सहयोग और म्युचुअल सहायता के लिए फिनलैंड ने जर्मनी या इसके सहयोगियों (पढ़ें: पश्चिम) द्वारा सशस्त्र हमलों का विरोध करने के लिए, लेकिन फिनलैंड को शीत युद्ध में तटस्थ रहने की अनुमति दी और कम्युनिस्ट सरकार या वारसॉ संधि सदस्यता से बचने । राजनीति में, किसी भी नीतियों और बयानों से बचने की प्रवृत्ति थी, जिसे सोवियत विरोधी कहा जा सकता था। फ़िनैनीजीकरण के इस संतुलन का कार्य हास्यास्पद ढंग से पूर्व में झुकने की कला के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया था, बिना पश्चिम के चंद्रमा सोवियत संघ के साथ घनिष्ठ संबंधों के बावजूद, फिनलैंड लोकतांत्रिक बहु-पक्षीय चुनावों को बरकरार रखने में कामयाब रहा और पश्चिमी यूरोपीय बाज़ार अर्थव्यवस्था बना रहा, इसके नॉर्डिक पड़ोसियों के साथ घनिष्ठ संबंध बना। फिनलैंड ने कुछ मुश्किल क्षणों को बंद कर दिया था, जिसके बाद अर्धशतक में, देश ने एक वन्यजीव अर्थव्यवस्था से एक विविधतापूर्ण आधुनिक औद्योगिक अर्थव्यवस्था में उल्लेखनीय परिवर्तन किया, जिसमें नोकिया जैसे उच्च तकनीक वाले दिग्गजों की विशेषता है और प्रति व्यक्ति आय अब में है दुनिया के शीर्ष 15 यूएसएसआर के इम्प्लोजन के बाद, फ़िनलैंड 1 99 5 में यूरोपीय संघ में शामिल हो गया और जनवरी 1 999 में अपनी शुरूआत में यूरो प्रणाली में शामिल होने के लिए एकमात्र नॉर्डिक राज्य था। भूगोल संपादित करें क्रैग नॉर्वे और स्वीडन के विपरीत फिनलैंड में ज्यादातर कम, फ्लैट रोलिंग होते हैं झीलों और कम पहाड़ियों से गुजरने वाले मैदानी इलाकों, चरम उत्तर में पहाड़ों (एक प्रकार की) के साथ, जबकि फाइनलैंड्स का सबसे ऊंचा स्थान, फेल हट्टी, केवल 1,328 मी। फ़िनलैंड में फिनलैंड के भूवैज्ञानिक सर्वेक्षण के मुताबिक 187,888 झील हैं, जिससे हजारों झीलों का मोनिकर भूमि वास्तव में एक कमजोर पड़न है। तट के साथ और झीलों में 8212 एक अन्य अनुमान 8212179,584 द्वीपों के अनुसार है, जिससे देश को एक उत्कृष्ट नौकायन गंतव्य बना दिया गया है। फिनलैंड स्कैंडिनेवियाई प्रायद्वीप पर स्थित नहीं है, इसलिए कई सांस्कृतिक और ऐतिहासिक लिंक्स के बावजूद, यह तकनीकी रूप से स्कैंडिनेविया का एक हिस्सा नहीं है। यहां तक ​​कि Finns शायद ही कभी भेद करने के लिए परेशान कर रहे हैं, लेकिन फिनलैंड शामिल एक और सही शब्द नॉर्डिक देशों (पोहोजिस्मैट) है। फिर भी, राजधानी हेलसिंकी में बहुत स्कैंडिनेवियाई विशेषताएं हैं, खासकर जब शहर की वास्तुकला की बात आती है, और दूसरी स्कैंडिनेवियन भाषा, स्वीडिश, देश की दो आधिकारिक भाषाओं में से एक है। जलवायु परिवर्तन फिनलैंड में एक ठंडा लेकिन समशीतोष्ण जलवायु होती है, जो वास्तव में खाड़ी स्ट्रीम के मध्यम प्रभाव के कारण अक्षांश के लिए अपेक्षाकृत हल्के है। सर्दियों, हालांकि, इन अक्षांशों में हर जगह के रूप में अंधेरा है, और तापमान (बहुत कम) दक्षिण में -30 सी तक पहुंच सकता है और यहां तक ​​कि उत्तर में -40 सी के नीचे डुबकी। फिनिश ग्रीष्मकाल की संक्षिप्त अवधि काफी अधिक सुखद है, जो धूप के दिनों में लगभग 20-23 सी तापमान पर (शायद ही कभी करीब 30 सी के करीब) होती है, और आम तौर पर यात्रा करने के लिए वर्ष का सबसे अच्छा समय होता है। जुलाई सबसे गर्म महीना है प्रारंभिक वसंत (मार्च-अप्रैल) तब होता है जब बर्फ पिघल शुरू होता है और फिन्स स्कीइंग और सर्दियों के खेल के लिए उत्तर की ओर मुड़ते हैं, जबकि अक्टूबर-दिसंबर 8212 में सर्दी से सर्दियों का संक्रमण गीला और अंधेरा 8212 कम से कम सुखद समय है। दक्षिणी तट जहां हेलसिंकी और टूर्कू स्थित हैं, वास्तव में एक सर्दियों का गंतव्य नहीं है, क्योंकि जनवरी या फरवरी में भी बर्फ की कोई गारंटी नहीं है। चरम अक्षांश के कारण, फ़िनलैंड के उत्तरी हिस्सों को गर्मियों के अस्थिरता के निकट प्रसिद्ध मिडनाइट सन का अनुभव मिलता है, जब (जब आर्कटिक सर्कल के ऊपर) सूरज कभी भी रात के दौरान कभी नहीं सेट होता है और दक्षिणी फिनलैंड में कभी भी अंधेरा नहीं होता सिक्का की दूसरी तरफ़ सर्किट में आर्कटिक नाइट (कामोस) है, जब उत्तर में सूर्य कभी भी ऊपर नहीं आया। दक्षिण में, दिन के उजाले में सूरज के साथ कुछ दयनीय घंटे तक सीमित रहता है, इससे पहले कि वह फिर से सिर पर फिसलने से पहले ही पेड़ों पर चढ़ते हैं। संस्कृति संपादित करें विनमिने को सम्पो का बचाव अकसीली गैलेन-कललेला (18 9 6) द्वारा अपने पड़ोसियों द्वारा शताब्दियों तक बफेट किया और पश्चिम, पूर्व और दक्षिणी से प्रभावों को अवशोषित किया, फिनिश संस्कृति एक विशिष्ट पहचान के रूप में 1 9वीं सदी में पैदा हुई थी: हम स्वीडन नहीं हैं, और हम बनना नहीं चाहते हैं रूसी, तो हम फिन्स बनें। फिनिश संस्थापक मिथक और राष्ट्रीय महाकाव्य कालीवाला है 1835 में पुरानी कराईली कहानियों और कविताओं का एक संग्रह जो विश्व की रचना और विनमिन के रोमांच को याद करते हैं। जादुई शक्तियों के साथ एक shamanistic नायक Kalevalan विषयों जैसे सैंपो एक पौराणिक इतिहास, फ़िनिश कलाकारों के लिए एक प्रमुख प्रेरणा रहे हैं, और महाकाव्य के आंकड़ों, दृश्यों और अवधारणाओं को उनके कार्यों को रंग देना जारी है। फिनलैंड देश में पूर्ण नागरिक अधिकार रखने के लिए आवश्यक पूर्व शर्त में से एक इंजीललॉग लूथरन चर्च (जिसमें सबसे कैथोलिक परंपराओं को संरक्षित रखा गया है, सिद्धांतों को स्पष्ट रूप से ईसा काँसेन्द्रिक और अभी भी औपचारिक रूप से बुक ऑफ कॉनकॉर्ड पर आधारित है ), फिनलैंड संविधान ने 1 9 23 के बाद से धर्म की पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता की गारंटी दी है। आज, महान बहुमत का हर रोज़ पालन सबसे अच्छा या लगभग गैर-मौजूद है (यहां तक ​​कि कुछ मंत्रालयों में भी) और लुथेरान चर्च की सदस्यता एक में है 1 9 60 के दशक से तेज गिरावट नतीजतन, पर्यटकों और आगंतुकों ने एक विशिष्ट रणनीति का प्रयोग करके बुद्धिमानी से किया और इस तथ्य के प्रति सचेत रह लिया कि धार्मिक प्रथाओं और व्यक्तिगत विश्वास से संबंधित विषयों को ज्यादातर फिन द्वारा कड़ाई से निजी मामले माना जाता है। हर संभव संभावना है कि ज्यादातर मामलों में विश्वास-संबंधी प्रश्न या तो घुसपैठ या परेशान होते हैं राजनीति और धर्म को फिनिश बहस में उस सीमा तक विभेदित किया जाता है कि किसी भी भागीदार को अपने निजी विश्वासों को उजागर नहीं करने की उम्मीद है। फिन्स अपने स्कैंडिनेवियाई पड़ोसियों के सबसे गुण और डाउनसाइड्स को साझा करते हैं। इसमें असंगत काम नैतिक और समानता का एक समावेशी धारणा शामिल है। यह न्यूजीलैंड के बाद दूसरा देश बन गया है जो सार्वभौमिक मताधिकार प्रदान करता है। (नोट: यह एक सामान्य गलत धारणा है। फ़िनलैंड 1 9 07 में पहली संसद में महिलाओं को संसद में पूर्ण पात्रता, 1 9 17 में नॉर्वे और 1 9 1 9 तक न्यूजीलैंड के रूप में देनी थी।) इसी प्रकार, फ़िनलैंड को नियमित रूप से सूची में शीर्ष स्थान पर रखा गया है ट्रांसपेरेंसी इंटरनेशनल के कम से कम दूषित देशों अपने अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर निडर शिक्षा प्रणाली के साथ-साथ व्यापक सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य देखभाल और कल्याणकारी प्रणाली के सौजन्य से, फ़िनलैंड ने दुनिया के सबसे उन्नत देशों में से एक के लिए दुनिया भर में प्रतिष्ठा हासिल कर ली है। इस बीच, देश नॉर्डिक कल्याणकारी राज्यों के लिए इसी तरह की समस्याओं से जूझ रहा है जिसमें वृद्ध जनसंख्या की एकरूपता और शराब, अवसाद, सामाजिक बहिष्कार और आत्महत्या की अपेक्षाकृत उच्च दर शामिल है। हालांकि, फिन के विशिष्ट चरित्र को अक्सर शब्द सिस्को के साथ अभिव्यक्त किया जाता है प्रतिकूल परिस्थितियों के चेहरे में सराहनीय दृढ़ता और सुअर-सिर वाले जिद्दी का मिश्रण। फिनिश संगीत संस्कृति और संगीत शिक्षा की नींव मुख्य रूप से एक शास्त्रीय संगीतकार जीन सिबेलियुस के जीवन के काम पर बनाई गई है जिसका सिम्फ़ोन नियमित रूप से दुनिया के सबसे प्रतिष्ठित सिम्फनी ऑर्केस्ट्रा द्वारा खेला जाता है और जिसका नाम सिबेलुएस अकादमी, फाइनलैंड्स टॉप संगीत संस्था। आधुनिक शास्त्रीय संगीत के संगीतकार (कइजा सारियाहो, मैग्नस लिंडबर्ग, एसा-पेका सलोनेन इत्यादि) और फिनिश इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संगीत (पैन सोनिक। डार्डे। रिनारियाडियो। जिमी टेनरोर। जोरी हल्कोन इत्यादि) विशेषज्ञों और उत्साही लोगों के बीच महान सम्मान में आयोजित किए जाते हैं । इसके अतिरिक्त, कुछ फ़िनिश मुख्यधारा के भारी धातु और पॉप (बच्चों के बोडोम। नाइटविश, एच. एम. द रेस्मस, बोम्फंक एमसी) ने वैश्विक प्रशंसा प्राप्त की है। लेटेक्स राक्षस संगठन के लिए जाने जाने वाले विशिष्ट धातु बैंड लॉर्ड ने 2006 में यूरोविज़न सोंग प्रतियोगिता जीतकर रात भर एक अंतरराष्ट्रीय सनसनी बन गई। अन्य कलाओं में फिनलैंड ने प्रसिद्ध वास्तुकार और डिजाइनर अलवार आलटो का निर्माण किया। लेखकों मिका वालटारी (मिस्र), विन लेना (द अनजान सोलियर) और टोव जेन्ससन (द मोमिन्स) और चित्रकार अकसीली गैलेन-कललेला अपने कालेवाला चित्रों के लिए जाना जाता है द्विभाषावाद संपादित करें सड़क संदर्भ चार्ट फ़िनलैंड में 5.5 स्वीडिश-भाषी अल्पसंख्यक हैं और आधिकारिक तौर पर एक द्विभाषी देश है, इसलिए मानचित्र लगभग हमेशा के लिए फिनिश और स्वीडिश नाम दोनों को सहन करते हैं, उदा। शहरों और कस्बों। उदाहरण के लिए, टूर्ू और बो एक ही शहर हैं, हालांकि नाम पूरी तरह से अलग हैं। सड़कें विशेष रूप से भ्रमित हो सकती हैं: एक मैप पर पहले कौन सी सड़क दिखाई देती है, उसका नाम बदलता है, ज्यादातर मामलों में, दो नामों के साथ एक सड़क। यह दक्षिणी और पश्चिमी तट पर स्वीडिश बोलने वाले क्षेत्रों में आम है, जबकि अंतर्देशीय स्वीडिश नाम बहुत कम हैं। कहीं भी द्विभाषी क्षेत्रों और फिनलैंड के उत्तर लेपलैंड के बाहर कहीं भी आप स्वीडिश कभी नहीं देख सकते हैं, और एक द्विभाषी संकेत अत्यंत दुर्लभ है, कभी-कभी, Smi में साइनेज को देखते हुए इसके बजाय Google मैप्स, विशेष रूप से, भाषा को बेतरतीब ढंग से चुनने के लिए लगता है, भले ही ज्यादातर जगहों पर स्वीडिश नाम बेहद दुर्लभ रूप से इस्तेमाल किया जाता है। छुट्टियां संपादित करते हैं फ़िन्स आमतौर पर बड़े सार्वजनिक कार्निवल पर बहुत गर्म होते हैं सबसे छुट्टियां परिवार के साथ घर पर खर्च होती हैं। 1 मई को सबसे उल्लेखनीय अपवाद वप्पू है, क्योंकि हजारों लोग (ज्यादातर युवा) सड़कों को भरते हैं। महत्वपूर्ण छुट्टियां और इसी प्रकार की घटनाओं में शामिल हैं: नए साल का दिन (उडेनुवाडेनपिव), 1 जनवरी। एपिफेनी (लोपपीयन), 6 जनवरी ईस्टर (Psiinen), चर तिथियां, गुड फ्राइडे और ईस्टर सोमवार सार्वजनिक अवकाश हैं। यह 40 दिन ईस्टर से पहले लस्कीएइन हैं, नाम से एक पवित्र दिन जो लेंट बंद करता है, वास्तव में बच्चों और विश्वविद्यालय के छात्रों के लिए समय बर्फ़ीली ढलानों को फिसलने के लिए और 40 दिन बाद तक के हेल्टरस्टाई के लिए, बस एक और दिन दुकानों को बंद करना वाल्पार्गिस नाइट या अधिक बार वाप्पू 1 मई, यद्यपि उत्सव दिन पहले (वप्पुआट्टो) शुरू करते हैं एक वसंत त्योहार जो मई दिवस के साथ मेल खाता है मूल रूप से एक बुतपरस्त परंपरा जो हाल के श्रमिकों के उत्सव के साथ मेल खाती है, यह छात्रों के लिए एक विशाल त्योहार बन गया है, जो रंगीन हस्ताक्षर पहनते हैं और सड़कों पर घूमते हैं। बहुत से लोग 18:00 के बीच 30 अप्रैल और 1 मई के अंत में अपने सफेद छात्र कैप का उपयोग करते हैं। अगले दिन, लोग खुली हवा वाली पिकनिक में अपने हैंगओवर की नर्स में इकट्ठा होते हैं, भले ही इसकी बारिश हो रही गीली घास भी हो। मिडसमम फेस्टिवल (जुह्नस), शनिवार 20-26 जून की अवधि में गर्मियों के अस्थिभोज का जश्न मनाने के लिए आयोजित किया गया, जिसमें बहुत सारे bonfires, पीने और सामान्य मजे के साथ। शहर लगभग खाली हो जाते हैं क्योंकि लोग अपनी गर्मियों में कॉटेज तक पहुंचते हैं। सिर्फ एक खाली शहर की भयानक भावना के लिए बड़े शहरों में से एक का दौरा करना एक अच्छा विचार हो सकता है। स्वतंत्रता दिवस (इटिनेसिसिपीव), 6 दिसंबर रूस से फिनलैंड की आजादी के काफी निराशाजनक उत्सव राष्ट्रपति महत्वपूर्ण लोगों (उदाहरण के लिए सांसद, राजनयिकों और मित्रतापूर्ण फिनिश खिलाड़ी और कलाकार) के लिए एक गेंद रखता है। लिटिल क्रिसमस (पिक्क्यूजुल्लू), लोग पूरे दिसंबर में अपने साथियों के साथ रुकते पब जाते हैं। आधिकारिक अवकाश नहीं, कार्यालय के एक क्रिसमस पार्टी का वाइकिंग-ताकत संस्करण क्रिसमस (जुलू), 24-26 दिसम्बर वर्ष की सबसे बड़ी छुट्टी, जब बहुत ज्यादा सब कुछ तीन दिनों के लिए बंद हो जाता है सांता (जुलोूपुक्की) 24 दिसंबर को क्रिसमस की पूर्व संध्या पर आता है, हैम खाया जाता है और हर कोई सौना जाता है। नव वर्ष की पूर्व संध्या (उडेनुवाडेनाटो), 31 दिसंबर आतिशबाजी समय विशिष्ट छुट्टी का समय जुलाई में है, यूरोप में कहीं और, जहां यह अगस्त में है। लोग आमतौर पर मिडसमर के आसपास अपनी गर्मी की छुट्टियां शुरू करते हैं इन दिनों के दौरान, शहरों की कम आबादी होने की संभावना है, क्योंकि उनके गर्मियों के कॉटेज के लिए फिन्स प्रमुख हैं। स्कूली बच्चों की गर्मी की छुट्टियां जून की शुरुआत में शुरू होती हैं। क्षेत्र संपादित करें फिनलैंड के क्षेत्र फिनलैंड के दक्षिणी तट से एक स्वायत्त और मोनोलिंज़िड स्वीडिश समूह के द्वीप हैं, जबकि सुविधाजनक और अनौपचारिक नौकरशाही विभाजन, 8212 प्रांतों को औपचारिक रूप से क्षेत्रीय राज्य प्रशासनिक एजेंसियों 8212 के रूप में जाना जाता है, वास्तव में भौगोलिक या सांस्कृतिक सीमाओं के अनुरूप नहीं है कुंआ। दूसरे शब्दों में आप सुन सकते हैं जिनमें तवास्तिया (एचएमई) शामिल हैं, जो टेंपरे के आसपास के केंद्रीय फ़िनलैंड के एक बड़े क्षेत्र को कवर करती है, और दूर पूर्व में करेलिया (कर्जला) को कवर करती है, जिनमें से अधिकांश द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध में सोवियत संघ से खो गया था (अभी भी एक गले का विषय कुछ मंडलियों में) 2018 में, पश्चिमी फिनलैंड औपचारिक रूप से पश्चिमी और इनर फ़िनलैंड (टाम्परे और वासा के निकट तट के लिए) और दक्षिण पश्चिम फिनलैंड (टूर्कू के निकट क्षेत्र) में विभाजित किया गया था। शहर और कस्बों में हेलसिंकी 8212 को बाल्टिक की बेटी, फिनलैंड की राजधानी और इसकी एकमात्र वास्तविक शहर हैमेंलिंना 8212 मध्ययुगीन महल और औलंको पार्क जैस्स्किल 8212 के साथ एक छोटा सा झील के किनारे वाला शहर है, जो केन्द्रीय फिनलैंड कूपो 8212 में स्थित एक विश्वविद्यालय शहर है, जो केंद्रीय फिनलैंड में एक विश्वविद्यालय शहर है, लकलैंड क्षेत्र लापेंरांटा 8212 दक्षिण पूर्व फिनलैंड में रूसी सीमा के पास एक विश्वविद्यालय शहर, झील साइमा द्वारा ओलु 8212 बोथानिया रोवानीएमी 8212 की गल्फ के अंत में लैपलैंड सावनलिंना 8212 के लिए एक बड़ा शहर और एक लोकप्रिय ओपेरा त्योहार के साथ एक छोटा सा झील के किनारे का शहर है। सेनजोकी 8212 फिनलैंड सबसे तेजी से बढ़ते छोटे शहर, हर साल कई महत्वपूर्ण त्यौहारों की मेजबानी करता है। टाम्परे 8212 फिनलैंड में सबसे बड़ा औद्योगिक शहर, संस्कृति, संगीत, कला और संग्रहालयों के घर, दक्षिणी फ़िनलैंड के अन्य बड़े शहरों के मध्य में। फिनलैंड में शायद सबसे अच्छा संगीत दृश्य टूर्कू 8212 पश्चिमी तट पर पूर्व राजधानी मध्यकालीन महल और कैथेड्रल वासा 8212 यूनेस्को की विश्व प्राकृतिक स्थल के पास स्थित पश्चिम तट पर मजबूत स्वीडिश प्रभाव वाले एक शहर अन्य स्थान संपादित करें संपादित करें संपादन इस संधि पर हस्ताक्षर करने और लागू करने वाले देशों के बीच कोई सीमा नियंत्रण नहीं है - यूरोपीय संघ (बुल्गारिया, क्रोएशिया को छोड़कर) , साइप्रस, आयरलैंड, रोमानिया और यूनाइटेड किंगडम), आइसलैंड, लिकटेंस्टीन, नॉर्वे और स्विटज़रलैंड। इसी तरह, किसी भी शेंगेन सदस्य के लिए दी गई वीजा अन्य सभी देशों में वैध है, जो संधि पर हस्ताक्षर और लागू किए गए हैं। लेकिन सावधान रहें: सभी यूरोपीय संघ के सदस्यों ने शेंगेन संधि पर हस्ताक्षर नहीं किए हैं, और सभी शेंगेन सदस्य यूरोपीय संघ का हिस्सा नहीं हैं। इसका मतलब यह है कि स्पॉट रिवाज की जांच हो सकती है, लेकिन कोई इमिग्रेशन चेक नहीं है (शेंगेन में यात्रा करना, लेकिन गैर-यूरोपीय संघ के देश से) या आप को रिवाज नहीं करना चाहिए, लेकिन ईयू के भीतर यात्रा करना, लेकिन गैर-शेंगेन देश से यात्रा करना। इस योजना के बारे में अधिक जानकारी के लिए स्केनजेन क्षेत्र में आलेख यात्रा को देखें, यह योजना कैसे काम करती है और एंट्री की आवश्यकताएं कैसे हैं। हवाई जहाज़ द्वारा संपादित फिनलैंड्स का मुख्य अंतर्राष्ट्रीय हब हेलसिंकी के पास हेलसिंकी-वांटा हवाई अड्डा है। फिनएयर। और फ्लाय नॉर्डिक वहां आधारित हैं लगभग 30 विदेशी एयरलाइनें हेलसिंकी-वांता से उड़ान भरती हैं रयानयर फिनलैंड केंद्र सेंट्रल फ़िनलैंड में ताम्पेरे और रूसी सीमा के पास पूर्व में लापेनरांटा हैं, जबकि वाइज एयर दक्षिण पश्चिम में टूर्कू में अपना केंद्र कम कर रही है। अन्य एयरलाइनों को सीमित शहरों में सर्दियों के उच्च सीजन में, विशेषकर दिसंबर में और आमतौर पर लापलैंड के लिए मौसमी अनुसूचित उड़ानों (दिसंबर-मार्च) में अन्य शहरों में सीमित क्षेत्रीय सेवाएं सीमित हैं। एयर बाल्टिक कई प्रांतीय फिनिश कस्बों को रीगा के माध्यम से यूरोप तक आसानी से जोड़ता है यह आपके समय के लिए तालिलिन को सस्ती उड़ान प्राप्त करने और फिनलैंड तक पहुंचने के लिए नीचे दिए गए नाव निर्देशों का पालन करने के लिए भी हो सकता है। 2018 की शुरुआत में, नार्वेजियन एयर शटल ने हेलसिंकी को अपने ठिकानों में से एक के रूप में स्थापित किया, और अब घरेलू और अंतरराष्ट्रीय दोनों उड़ानें प्रदान कीं। रेलवे द्वारा संपादित वीआर 2 और रूसी रेलवे सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग और हेलसिंकी के बीच संयुक्त रूप से सेवाएं संचालित करते हैं, जो कि वोबोर्ग में रोकते हैं। रास्ते में कौवाला और लाटी लाइन को 2018 में अपग्रेड किया गया था और स्लीट नई एलएग्रो-ब्रांडेड ट्रेनें दो शहरों के बीच 220 किलोमीटर की दूरी पर ढाई घंटे चलती हैं। वर्तमान में यह मार्ग प्रति दिन चार बार परोसा जाता है, दो नवंबर 2018 से दो दिन लौट रहा है। यह सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग से हेलसिंकी में जाने की सबसे महंगी विधि है, गर्मी में 92 की कीमत और एक तरफ़ के लिए 84 वर्ष शेष टिकट। हालांकि सुबह सुबह पहली ट्रेन के लिए टिकट, जो सुबह 6 बजे चलते हैं, गर्मी के महीनों में 39 रुपये के बराबर कीमत के लिए खरीदा जा सकता है। मास्को से एक पारंपरिक धीमी गति से रात भर स्लीपर भी है जो करीब 15 घंटे लगते हैं। स्वीडन या नॉर्वे और फ़िनलैंड (रेल गेज अलग है) के बीच कोई सीधी ट्रेन नहीं है, लेकिन बोडेन लुले (स्वीडन) से केमी (फिनलैंड) के अंतराल पर बस एक यूरल इंटर रेल पास से मुक्त है, और आप भी मिल सकते हैं इन पासों के साथ सबसे अधिक घाट से 50 डिस्काउंट बस द्वारा संपादित बसें सबसे सस्ता हैं लेकिन रूस और फिनलैंड के बीच यात्रा करने का सबसे धीमी और कम से कम आरामदायक तरीका है। सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग के बीच नियमित नियमित बसें चलती हैं व्हाइबोर्ग और हेलसिंकी जैसे प्रमुख दक्षिणी फिनिश शहरों Lappeenranta। ज्स्कस्किल और सभी तरह से पश्चिम में टूर्कू कार्यक्रम के लिए Matkahuolto की जाँच करें हेलसिंकी सेंट। पीटर्सबर्ग को तीन बार दैनिक सेवा की जाती है, लागत 38 और दिन के दौरान 9 घंटे लगते हैं, रात में 8 घंटे। सेंट पीटर्सबर्गस् ओक्टाबार्स्काया होटल (ओप मोस्कोव्स्की ट्रेन स्टेशन) और हेलसिंकिस टेनिसपलाट्ससी (एटेलिन रौताटीकाटू 8, काम्पपी से एक ब्लॉक दूर) के बीच कई सीधी मिनीबस चलते हैं। 15 एक तरफ से, यह सबसे सस्ता विकल्प है, लेकिन मिनीबस केवल जब पूरा हो तो छोड़ दें। हेलसिंकी से प्रस्थान सुबह सुबह लगभग 10:00 बजे (अक्सर लगभग 22:00 बजे) सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग से प्रस्थान करते हैं। आप स्वीडन या नॉर्वे से फिनलैंड तक बस का उपयोग कर सकते हैं। स्वीडन के नॉरबॉटनिया इलाके में हापाराण में टोरनीयो के लिए बस कनेक्शन है। केमी और औलू Matkahuolto से अधिक देखें एस्केलिसन लापिनलिनजेट नॉर्वे के उत्तरी भागों से बस कनेक्शन प्रदान करता है, उदाहरण के लिए ट्रॉम्स Eskelisen Lapinlinjat से अधिक देखें नाव से एक सिल्जा यात्री नौका के अंदर प्रवेश करें फिनलैंड से और जाने का सबसे अच्छा तरीका समुद्र में है। एस्टोनिया और स्वीडन के लिए नौकाएं विशेष रूप से, विशाल, मल्टी-कहानी फ्लोटिंग महलों और डिपार्टमेंट स्टोर हैं, टैक्स फ्री शराब की बिक्री के जरिए सस्ता सस्ती कीमतों के साथ: चार व्यक्ति तक के लिए केबिन सहित एक तिब्बत की वापसी यात्रा 50 जितनी कम हो सकती है। इंटर रेल आप डेक किराए से 50 बंद कर सकते हैं हेलसिंकी में आने का सबसे अच्छा तरीका आगे के दृश्य के साथ बाहर के डेक पर खड़ा है। एस्टोनिया और बाल्टिक राज्य हेलसिंकी और टॉलिन केवल 80 किमी दूर हैं। वाइकिंग लाइन ईकर लाइन और टालिंक सिल्जा पूरे वर्ष के दौर में पूर्ण सेवा कार घाट का संचालन करते हैं। नौका प्रकार यात्रा के समय के आधार पर दो घंटे से अधिक (वाइकिंग लाइन और टालिंक सिल्जास स्टार, सुपरस्टार और सुपरफास्ट) से साढ़े तीन घंटे (ईकर और टालिन सिल्ज़स सबसे बड़ा क्रूज जहाजों) से हैं। कुछ सेवाएं रातोंरात यात्रा करती हैं और सुबह तक बंदरगाह के बाहर पार्क करती हैं। लिंडा लाइन तेजी से सेवाएं प्रदान करती है जो 1.5 घंटे में यात्रा पूरी करती है, लेकिन थोड़ा अधिक चार्ज करती है, आपको बोर्ड पर मनोरंजन करने के लिए अपेक्षाकृत कम है और खराब मौसम में और सर्दियों के दौरान सेवाओं को निलंबित करना है अगर मौसम सुस्त लग रहा है और आप समुद्र में बीमार होने की संभावना रखते हैं, तो बड़ी धीमी नौकाओं के लिए चुनना सबसे अच्छा है। हांको और पालडिस्की के बीच एक अतिरिक्त नौका कनेक्शन है नवी रील द्वारा संचालित लातविया या लिथुआनिया के लिए कोई निर्धारित सेवाएं नहीं हैं लेकिन ऊपर के कुछ ऑपरेटरों गर्मियों में अर्ध-नियमित यात्राओं की पेशकश करते हैं, रीगा सबसे लोकप्रिय गंतव्य है। जर्मनी संपादित फिनलाइंस 3 हेलसिंकी से ट्रैवेमें (लबीक और हैम्बर्ग के निकट) और हेलसिंकी से रोस्टॉक तक चल रहे हैं। हेलसिंकी-ट्रैवेमेंड यात्रा में लगभग 27 घंटे लगते हैं जबकि हेलसिंकी-रोस्टॉक में लगभग 34 घंटे लगते हैं। ट्रैवेमें लाइन तेज और बड़े स्टार-क्लास जहाजों द्वारा चलाया जाता है, जबकि एक एकल, काफी हंस क्लास का जहाज रॉस्टॉक लाइन में चल रहा है। उत्तरार्द्ध को अधिक शानदार और आरामदायक माना जाता है, भले ही यात्रा में बहुत अधिक समय लगता है। रूस संपादित करें रूस के लिए नौका सेवाएं निर्धारित किए जाने वाले वर्षों में रोक-और-जाना हो गया है अप्रैल 2018 से सेंट पीटर लाइन को सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग से हेलसिंकी के लिए नियमित रूप से नौका सेवा प्रदान करता है, क्योंकि कम से कम 30 एक तरह से। क्रिस्टीना परिभ्रमण हेलसिंकी से कभी-कभार यात्राओं की पेशकश करता है स्वीडन संपादित करें सिल्जा सेरेनाड हेलसिंकी छोड़कर दोनों सिल्जा और वाइकिंग हेलसिंकी से रातोंरात यात्राएं प्रदान करते हैं और टूर्कू से स्टॉकहोम के साथ-साथ दिन-रात के परिभ्रमण भी करते हैं। आम तौर पर रास्ते में भूमि के द्वीपों में बंद हो जाता है। ये दुनिया के सबसे बड़े और सबसे शानदार यात्री घाटियों में से कुछ हैं, जिसमें से 14 मंजिलें और रेस्तरां, बार, डिस्को, पूल और स्पा सुविधाएं आदि के साथ पूरी तरह से कार डेक के नीचे सस्ती केबिन कक्षाएं हैं। , लेकिन उच्च समुद्री दृश्य केबिन वास्तव में बहुत अच्छे हो सकते हैं ध्यान दीजिए, युवाओं के भीड़ के कारण सस्ते टैक्स फ्री शराब पर अच्छी तरह से छेड़छाड़ की जा रही है, दोनों सिल्जा और वाइकिंग शुक्रवार या शनिवार को क्रूज़ से 23 साल से कम उम्र के युवाओं की अनुमति नहीं देते हैं। (दूसरी रातों में 20 वर्ष की आयु और केवल 18 यात्रियों के लिए, उसी दिन वापसी वाले क्रूज़ पैकेज पर नहीं।) इसके अतिरिक्त, सिल्जा अपनी रातोंरात सेवाओं पर डेक वर्ग की पेशकश नहीं करता है, जबकि वाइकिंग करता है। यह भी ध्यान रखें कि वाइकिंग लाइन के साथ यह मार्ग ट्रैफिक की बजाय क्रूज़ बुक करने के लिए सस्ता है। क्रूज के बीच में एक दिन के साथ दोनों तरीकों में शामिल हैं अगर आप लंबे समय तक रहना चाहते हैं तो आप बस वापस नहीं जाएंगे - यह एक एकमात्र रास्ता ट्रैफिक टिकट बुकिंग करने से सस्ता हो सकता है। यह खासतौर से आखिरी मिनट के टिकट (आप कर सकते हैं, उदाहरण के लिए, लगभग 10 रात भर के लिए स्टॉकहोम से टूर्कू तक जा सकते हैं - रूट ट्रैफ़िक कम गुणवत्ता वाले केबिन के लिए 30 से अधिक हो जाएगा)। बड़े दो के अलावा, फिनलैंक नातानली से कपेलस्क्रिर तक की सबसे सस्ती गाड़ी नौका कनेक्शन प्रदान करता है (चालक के साथ कार के लिए 60 से)। कार फ़ेरी आमतौर पर जमीन द्वीप में मैरिहाम में कुछ मिनट के लिए रुकती हैं। जो यूरोपीय संघ के कर क्षेत्र के बाहर हैं और इस तरह फ़ारे से ड्यूटी फ्री बिक्री संचालित करने की अनुमति देते हैं। वासा और उमे के बीच वाशिलाइन द्वारा संचालित नौका है। कार द्वारा संपादित फिनलैंड के पास एक व्यापक सड़क नेटवर्क है जो सभी प्रमुख शहरों से जुड़ता है और चलाता है। वर्ष के किसी भी समय फिनलैंड के माध्यम से ड्राइविंग, सड़क और घुमावदार पहाड़ियों के साथ एक इलाज है जो यहां और वहां कृषि खेत वाले भूमि के साथ पाइन और बर्च वनों द्वारा तैयार किए गए हैं। Summertime evening drives with the midnight sun providing gentle light are particularly scenic and enjoyable. During summer months road repairs are in full swing so some minor delays may be experienced. Road patrol cameras are utilized extensively to monitor traffic and enforce speed limits. Sweden edit As mentioned above, one of the easiest ways to get by car from Sweden to Finland is a car ferry. The European Route E12 (Finnish national highway 3) includes a ferry line between Ume and Vaasa. Another route that includes a car ferry is E18, from Stockholm to Turku. Norway edit Russia edit European route E18, as Russian route M10, goes from St. Petersburg via Vyborg to VaalimaaTorfyanovka border station near Hamina. From there, E18 continues as Finnish national highway 7 to Helsinki, and from there, along the coast as highway 1 to Turku. In Vaalimaa, trucks will have to wait in a persistent truck queue. This queue does not directly affect other vehicles. There are border control and customs checks in Vaalimaa and passports and Schengen visas if applicable will be needed. From south to north, other border crossings can be found at NuijamaaBrusnichnoye (Lappeenranta ), VaalimaaTorfyanovka, ImatraSvetogorsk, Niirala (Tohmajrvi ), Vartius (Kuhmo ) Kelloselk (Salla ) and Raja-Jooseppi (Sodankyl ). All except the first are very remote. Estonia edit As mentioned above, there is a car ferry between Tallinn and Helsinki. It forms a part of European route E67 Via Baltica that runs from the Estonian capital Tallinn, crosses Riga in Latvia and Kaunas in Lithuania to the Polish capital Warsaw. The distance from Tallinn to Warsaw is about 970km, not including any detours. Get around edit The Finnish rail network (passenger lines in green) Finlands a large country and travelling is relatively expensive. Public transportation is well organized and the equipment is always comfortable and often new, and advance bookings are rarely necessary outside the biggest holiday periods. The domestic Journey Planner offers an useful website with integrated timetables for all trains, buses and planes including inter-city and local transport. If you need information about an address in Finland, you can find it through Jokapaikka. fi (an free local area information search engine). It has Google translate included for non locals. By plane edit Flights are the fastest but generally also the most expensive way of getting around. Finnair and some smaller airlines operate regional flights from Helsinki to all over the country, including Kuopio. Pori. Rovaniemi and Ivalo. Its worth booking in advance if possible: on the Helsinki - Oulu sector, the countrys busiest, a fully flexible return economy ticket costs a whopping 251 but an advance-purchase non-changeable one-way ticket can go as low as 39, less than a train ticket. You may also be able to get discounted domestic tickets if you fly into Finland on Finnair. Another possibility is Air Baltic which also flies the sector Turku-Oulu for very competitive prices, far less than the train. Additionally, in 2018 Norwegian Air Shuttle started flying from Helsinki to Oulu and Rovaniemi. A shuttle bus (Finnair city bus) operates between Helsinki-Vantaa airport and Helsinki central railway station in approx. 20 minute intervals (30 min trip duration, 6.30) bus line 615 (at day)620 (at night) is a slightly cheaper alternative (36 minute trip duration, 5 day, 7 night, 102018 prices). There is also train connection at the airport and it takes you in 45 minutes (access to the new train terminal will be opened late 2018 and travel time will be approx. 35 minutes. Theres a free shuttle bus to nearest train station at the moment) to Helsinki central railway station. Prices are 5 day, 7 night. Check out Helsinki Region transport journey planner for timetables and other information. There are three major airlines selling domestic flights: Finnair . the national flagship airline. Serves nearly all of the country, with some flights operated by their subsidiary Nordic Regional Airlines . Norwegian flies to the cities in the north, such as Rovaniemi, Oulu, Ivalo, and Kittil. In addition, BASe Airlines and Air100 fill in a few gaps. By train edit A Pendolino train, the fastest in VRs fleet (220 kmh) VR 4 (Finnish Railways) operates the fairly extensive railroad network. The train is the method of choice for travel from Helsinki to Tampere. Turku and Lahti. with departures at least once per hour and faster speeds than the bus. The following classes of service are available, with example prices and durations for the popular Helsinki - Tampere service in parenthesis. Pendolino tilting trains (code S ), the fastest option (836432, 1:26) InterCity ( IC ) and InterCity2 ( IC2 ) express trains, with IC surcharge (836426.9, 1:46) Ordinary express ( pikajuna . P ), with express surcharge, only slow night trains for this connection (836424.6, 2:12-2:16) Local and regional trains ( lhiliikennejuna . lhijuna or taajamajuna ), no surcharge, quite slow (836421, 2:03) The trains are generally very comfortable, especially the express services. Pendolino and IC trains have restaurant cars, family cars (IC only, with a playpen for children) and power sockets Pendolinos and IntercityIC2 trains even offer free (though often very slow) Wi-Fi connectivity. Additional surcharges apply for travel in first class, branded Business on some trains, which gets you more spacious seating, newspapers and possibly a snack. Overnight sleepers are available for long-haul routes and very good value at 8364112143 for a bed in a threetwoone-bed compartment, but one-bed compartments are only available in first class. One child under 7 can travel for free with each fare-paying adult, and seniors over 65 years old and students with Finnish student ID ( ISIC cards etc not accepted ) get 50 off. Groups of 3 or more get 15 off. Finland participates in the Inter Rail and Eurail systems. Residents of Europe can buy InterRail Finland passes offering 3-8 days of unlimited travel in one month for 8364109-229 (adult 2nd class), while the Eurail Finland pass for non-residents is 8364178-320 for 3-10 days. VRs own Holiday Pass ( LomaPassi ), at 8364145 for 3 days including up to 4 free seat reservations, is available to all but only valid in summer. You would have to travel a lot to make any of these pay off though by comparison, a full-fare InterCity return ticket across the entire country from Helsinki to Rovaniemi and back is 8364162. Generally, the trains are most crowded at the beginning and end of the weekend, and that means Friday and Sunday evening. Shortly before and at the end of major holidays like ChristmasNew Year and Easter, trains are usually very busy. If you try booking for these days at a late time, you may find the seat you reserve may be among the least desirable, that is, facing backwards, without recline, and facing towards and sharing the legroom with other passengers. While VRs trains may be slick, harsh winter conditions and underinvestment in maintenance mean that delayed trains are not uncommon, with the fancy Pendolinos particularly prone to breaking down. As in the rest of the EU, youll get a 25 refund if the train is 1-2 hours late and 50 if more. By bus edit Matkahuolto 5 offers long-distance coach connections to practically all parts of Finland. Bus is also the only way to travel in Lapland, since the rail network doesnt extend to the extreme north. Buses are generally slightly higher priced than trains, although on routes with direct train competition they can be cheaper. Speeds are usually slower than trains, sometimes very slow (from Helsinki to Oulu), sometimes even faster (from Helsinki to Kotka and Pori). On many routes, though, buses are more frequent, so you may still get to your destination faster than if you wait for the next train. Unlike the trains, student discounts are available also for foreign students by showing a valid ISIC card at Matkahuolto offices (in every bus station) and getting a Matkahuolto student discount card (5). There is also BusPass travel pass from Matkahuolto 6. which offers unlimited travel in specified time, priced at 149 for 7 days and 249 for 14 days. Onnibus 7 offers a cheaper alternative (ticket prices beginning from 3 on all routes when bought online) for long-distance coaches on routes HelsinkiTurku, HelsinkiTampere, TamperePori and beginning from the autumn 2018 also TurkuTampereJyvskyl and JyvskylOulu. Note that the routes in Tampere dont serve the city centre (with exception the Pori route) but instead stop in Hervanta (10km south of city centre), which will be Onnibus bus terminal serving as an interchange station between different routes. Local transport networks are well-developed in Greater Helsinki, Tampere and Turku. In smaller cities public transport networks are usable on weekdays, but sparse on weekends and during the summer. There are easy-to-use high-tech English route planners with maps to find out how to use local bus services provided by national bus provider Matkahuolto 8. Demand responsive transport edit Demand responsive transport (DRT) is a form of public transport, in which the routes are determined based on the customers needs. You can find the zones where DRT services are available by using the map or address search services9. By ferry edit In summertime, lake cruises are a great way to see the scenery of Finland, although most of them only do circular sightseeing loops and arent thus particularly useful for getting from point A to point B. Most cruise ships carry 100-200 passengers (book ahead on weekends), and many are historical steam boats. Popular routes include Turku - Naantali and various routes in and around Saimaa. By car edit Moose on the loose The use of sand instead of potassium formate and salt leads to a dirty environment. In Spring, the breathing air is often polluted by dust and thus can result in respiratory malfunctions. Srninen, Helsinki. Car rental is possible in Finland but generally expensive, with rates generally upwards of 80day, although rates go down for longer rentals. Foreign-registered cars can only be used in Finland for a limited time and registering it locally involves paying a substantial tax to equalize the price to Finnish levels. If you opt to buy a car in Finland instead, make sure it has all annual taxes paid and when its next annual inspection is due: the deadline is the same day as the cars first date of use unless the registration form says 00.00.xx in first date of use. In that case the inspection date is determined by the last number of the license plate. All cars must pass emissions testing and precise tests of brakes etc. Police may remove the plates of vehicles that have not passed their annual inspections in time and give you a fine. Traffic drives on the right, and there are no road tolls in Finnish cities or highways so far. Roads are well maintained and extensive, although expressways are limited to the south of the country. Note that headlights or daytime running lights must be kept on at all times when driving, in and outside cities, whether its dark or not. Drivers must stay very alert, particularly at dawn and dusk, for wild animals. Collisions with moose (frequently lethal) are common countrywide, deer (mostly survivable) cause numerous collisions in South and South West parts of the country, and semi-domesticated reindeer are a common cause of accidents in Lapland. Bear collisions happen sometimes in eastern parts of the country. VRs overnight car carrier trains 10 are popular for skipping the long slog from Helsinki up to Lapland and getting a good nights sleep instead: a Helsinki - Rovaniemi trip (one way) with car and cabin for 1-3 people starts from 8364215. A few unusual or unobvious rules to beware of: Headlights are mandatory even during daylight. Always give way to the right, unless signed otherwise. There is no concept of minor and major road, so this applies even to smaller road on your right. Almost all intersections are explicitly signposted with yield signs (either the stop sign or an inverted triangle). There is no explicit sign on the road that has priority, instead watch out for the back of the yield sign on the other road. Signs use the following shorthand: white numbers are for weekdays (eg. 8-16 means 08:00-16:00), white numbers in parentheses apply on Saturdays and red numbers on Sundays and holidays. In Helsinki, trams always have the right of way. Collisions do a surprising amount of damage. Dont get into arguments with a vehicle that cant change direction and weighs as much as a small battle tank. A vehicle is required by law to stop at a zebra crossing, if at least one other car has stopped, regardless of whether or not there is a pedestrian (in a similar manner as if there were a stop sign). A car is obliged to stop at a zebra crossing, if the pedestrian intends to cross the road. Many pedestrians intend to cross the road only when there is a sufficiently large gap in the traffic. When crossing the road as a pedestrian at a zebra crossing, do not leave a shadow of a doubt that you will cross the road, and cars will stop. With some practice, this works out smoothly, efficiently and without taking undue risks. By default, drivers will assume that the pedestrian does not intend to cross the road right now, in other words, cars will not stop. A car horn may only be used to prevent a collision or a similar hazardous situation. Using the horn for other purposes such as expressing frustration in surrounding traffic is unlawful and quite strongly frowned upon. Circular traffic can be rather complex. For example, in one spot, two new lanes are created while the outer lane is suddenly forced to exit. This creates a difficult situation, when the lines are covered by snow. Pedestrians walking on unlighted roads without sidewalk or cycle tracks in the dark are required by law to use safety reflectors. Their use is generally recommended, since the visibility of pedestrians with reflector improves greatly. Winter driving can be somewhat hazardous, especially for drivers unused to cold weather conditions. Winter tires (MS) are mandatory from 1 December through the end of February. The most dangerous weather is in fact around the zero degree mark (C), when slippery but near-invisible black ice forms on the roads. Finnish cars often come equipped with an engine block heater ( lohkolmmitin ) used to preheat the engine and possibly the interior of the car beforehand, and many parking places have electric outlets to feed them. Liikenneturva, the Finnish road safety agency, maintains a Tips for winter driving page 11 in English. Note that especially in the Helsinki area, the majority of cars are equipped with steel-studded tires that allow more dynamic driving and shorter braking distances on frozen surfaces than conventional traction tires (MS), as used in other European countries. Finnish speeding tickets are based on your income, so be careful: a Nokia VP whod cashed in some stock options the previous year was once hit for US204,000 Fortunately, the police have no access to tax records outside Finland and will just fine non-residents a flat 8364100-200 instead. Speed limits are 50 kmh in towns, 80-100 kmh outside towns and usually 120 kmh on freeways. From around mid-october to april, speedlimits on freeways are lowered to 100 kmh and most 100 kmh limits are lowered to 80 kmh. Software for GPS navigators that warns of fixed safety cameras is legal and installed by default in many mobile phones. Warning signs before fixed cameras are required by law. A blood alcohol level of over 0.05 is considered drunk driving and 0.12 as aggrevated drunk driving, so think twice before drinking that second beer. Finnish police strictly enforce this by random roadblocks and sobriety tests. If you are driving at night when the gas stations are closed (they usually close at 9 PM), always remember to bring some money for gas . Automated gas pumps in Finland in rare occasions do not accept foreign visacredit cards, but you can pay with Euro notes. In the sparsely-populated areas of the country, distances of 50 km and more between gas stations are not unheard of, so dont gamble unnecessarily with those last litres of fuel. If you come in your own car, note that all petrol in Finland contains ethanol . If your car should not be run on ethanol-containing petrol or you are unsure use the 98 octane petrol. This contains residual ethanol from the pump station up to a maximum of 5 and can be used in all cars that run on petrol. By taxi edit Finnish taxis are heavily regulated by the government, so theyre comfortable, safe and expensive. No matter where you go in the country, the starting fee is fixed at 5.90, rising up to 9.00 at night and on Sundays. The per-kilometer charge starts at 1.52km for 1 or 2 passengers, rising up to 2,13km for 7 or 8 passenger minivans. A 20-25 km journey (say, airport to central Helsinki) can thus easily cost 40-50. Taxis can come in any color or shape, but they will always have a yellow TAXI sign (sometimes spelled TAKSI) on the roof. Hailing cabs off the street is difficult to impossible, so either find a taxi rank or order by phone (any pub or restaurant will help you on this, expect to pay 2 euros for the call). Taxi companies around the country can be found at the Taksiliitto 12 site. In the Helsinki city center, long lines at the taxi stops can be expected on Friday and Saturday nights. It is not uncommon to share a taxi with strangers if going towards the same general direction. Using of unofficial taxis is illegal and to be avoided. You might lose your walletpursephone, despite Helsinki being maybe one of the safest capitals in Europe. The Uber service is illegal in Finland and the driver may face a notable penalty. If you decide to use Uber and your driver gets caught by the police, youre on your own. By thumb edit Hitchhiking is possible, albeit unusual, in Finland, as the harsh climate and sparse traffic dont exactly encourage standing around and waiting for cars. The most difficult task is getting out of Helsinki. Summer offers long light hours, but in the fallspring you should plan your time. The highway between Helsinki and Saint Petersburg has a very high percentage of Russian drivers. See Hitchhiking Club Finland liftari. org 13 or the Finland article 14 on Hitchwiki for further details if interested. By bicycle edit Most Finnish cities have good bike paths especially outside the centres, and taking a bike can be a quick, healthy and environmentally friendly method of getting around locally. The roads are generally paved well, although gravel roads are sometimes unavoidable. As long as you dont go off-road, you will not need suspension or grooved tyres. Because of the long distances, bicycle tourists are advised to plan well and be prepared to use public transport for the less interesting stretches. Long-distance coaches are well-equipped to take bicycles on board, trains take bicycles if there is enough space. Ferries take bikes for free or for a small fee. Due to the relatively gentle topographic relief, too hilly terrain is rarely a problem, but in the cold months, windchill requires more protection against cold than in walking. Talk edit Finnish language map. Finnish is a Official Language (dark blue) and Finnish spoken by a minority (aruba blue) Finland is officially bilingual in Finnish (spoken by 90 of the population) and Swedish (spoken by 5,6 of the population), and both languages are compulsory in all schools, but in practice most of the population is monolingual in Finnish. Finnish is spoken everywhere in the country except land islands and Finnish is the main language of Finland. Finnish is not related to the Scandinavian languages (Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic and Faroese), Russian, or English. In fact, it is not even an Indo-European language, instead belonging in the Uralic group of languages which includes Hungarian and Estonian, making it hard for speakers of most other European languages to learn. Reading signboards can also be difficult as Finnish has relatively few loan words from common European languages, and as a result it is very hard to guess what words in Finnish mean. Swedish is the mother tongue for 5.6 of Finns. There are no large towns with a Swedish majority, and the Swedish-speaking communities are mainly smaller rural communities along the Southwest coast. Many towns and road signs on the coast use alternate Finnish and Swedish names, so road signs can be confusing, but bilingual signs outside bilingual areas never appear. The small autonomous province of land and the municipalities of Nrpes, Korsns and Larsmo are exclusively Swedish-speaking, and people there typically speak little or no Finnish at all, so English is a better bet. Swedish is a mandatory subject in Finnish-speaking schools (and Finnish in Swedish-speaking schools), so everyone is supposed to speak and understand it in reality, though, only 41 of the Finnish-speaking population is conversant in it, and most of these people live in coastal areas and in predominantly Swedish-speaking areas. Even this varies: for example, in Helsinki and Turku most people can speak Swedish enough to deal with important conversations you engage in as a tourist and often somewhat beyond, but living would be impossible without knowledge of Finnish, whereas towns like Vaasa and Porvoo have significant Swedish-speaking minorities and are more genuinely bilingual (i. e. it would be possible to live there with Swedish only). Most hotels and restaurants, especially in areas where Swedish is widely spoken, do have some Swedish-proficient staff. Russian is best understood near the Russian border, such as in Lappeenranta, Imatra and Joensuu, which are areas frequented by Russian tourists. Tourist destinations which are popular among Russians in Eastern and Northern Finland have some Russian-speaking staff. Elsewhere, knowledge of Russian is often far rarer. In bigger towns, with the exception of the elderly, many people you would meet as a tourist speak good English, and even in the countryside younger people will nearly always know enough to communicate. In fact, outside of the Swedish-speaking communities, English is usually far better understood than Swedish . Conversely, within the Swedish-speaking communities, English is often better understood than Finnish. 73160 of the population in Finland can speak English. Dont hesitate to ask for help: Finns can be shy but will help you out in need. Besides English and Swedish, some Finns can speak German (18160) or French (3160), other secondary languages (Spanish, Russian) being rare. Foreign TV series and movies are nearly always subtitled. Only childrens fare gets dubbed into Finnish. The grammar of Finnish language has relatively few exceptions but quite many rules (where some rules might be considered cleverly disguised exceptions). There are about 17 different cases for getting some coffee and getting the coffee, going into a pub, being in a pub (or in a state of drunkenness), getting out of the pub, being on the roof, getting onto the roof, getting off the roof, using something as a roof and so on that are encoded into the word endings. In written text, the plethora of cases makes it a challenging exercise to even look up a single word from the dictionary. The conjugation of verbs is unfortunately somewhat more complex. See edit add listing Sunset with reflections on a lake in Finland. A selection of top sights in Finland: Central Helsinki. the Daughter of the Baltic . on a warm and sunny summer day The Suomenlinna Sea Fortress, 15-minute ferry trip from Downtown Helsinki. A Unesco World Heritage Site. The historical sites of Turku and the vast archipelago around it, best viewed from the deck of a giant car ferry. Pottering around the picturesque wooden houses of Porvoo. Finlands second-oldest town Renting a car and exploring the Lake Land of Eastern Finland, an area dotted with around 60 000 lakes with a similar number of islands, which in turn have their own lakes. Olavinlinna Castle in Savonlinna. Finlands most atmospheric castle, especially during the yearly Opera Festival Hmeenlinna Castle in Hmeenlinna is Finlands oldest castle. Built in 13th century. Relaxing at a sauna-equipped cottage in the lake country of Eastern Finland Icebreaker cruising and the worlds biggest snow castle in Kemi Seeing the Northern Lights and trying your hand sledding down a mile-long track at Saariselk A ride on the historical Linnanmki wooden roller coaster (Helsinki). Unlike modern designs, only gravity keeps it on the track, and it requires a driver on each train to operate the brakes. Do edit add listing Sports edit Notably lacking in craggy mountains or crenellated fjords, Finland is not the adrenalin-laden winter sports paradise you might expect: the traditional Finnish pastime is cross-country skiing through more or less flat terrain. If youre looking for downhill skiing, snowboarding etc, youll need to head up to Lapland and resorts like Levi and Saariselk. During the short summer you can swim, fish or canoe in the lakes. They are usually warmest around 20th July. Local newspapers usually have the current surface temperatures, and a map of the surface temperatures can also be found from the Environment Ministry website 15. During the warmest weeks, late at night or early in the morning the water can feel quite pleasant when the air temperature is lower than the waters. Most towns also have swimming halls with slightly warmer water, but these are often closed during the summer. Fishing permits, if needed, can be easily bought from any R-Kioski although they take a small surcharge for it. For hikers, fishermen and hunters, the Ministry of Forestry maintains an online Excursion Map map 16 with trails and huts marked. The best season for hiking is early fall, after most mosquitoes have died off and the autumn colors have come out. And if youd like to try your hand at something uniquely Finnish, dont miss the plethora of bizarre sports contests in the summer, including: Air Guitar World Championships 17. August, Oulu . Mobile Phone Throwing Championship 18. August, Savonlinna. Recycle your Nokia Swamp Soccer World Championship 19. July, Hyrynsalmi. Probably the messiest sporting event in the world. Wife Carrying World Championship 20. July, Sonkajrvi. The grand prize is the wifes weight in beer. Sulkavan Suursoudut 21. July, Sulkava Finlands biggest rowing event Festivals edit Finland hosts many music festivals ( festari ) during the summer. Some of the most notable include: Most of the festivals last 2-4 days and are very well organized, with many different bands playing, with eg. Foo Fighters and Linkin Park headlining at Provinssi 2008. The normal full ticket (all days) price is about 60-100, which includes a camp site where you can sleep, eat and meet other festival guests. The atmosphere at festivals is great and probably youll find new friends there. Of course drinking a lot of beer is a part of the experience. There are also many more less-advertised underground festivals around the countryside every summer. Northern Lights edit Spotting the eerie Northern Lights ( aurora borealis . or revontulet in Finnish) glowing in the sky is on the agenda of many visitors, but even in Finland its not so easy. During the summer, its light all day along and the aurora become invisible, and theyre rarely seen in the south. The best place to spot them is during the winter in the far north, when the probability of occurrence is over 50 around the magnetic peak hour of 22:30 8212 if the sky is clear, that is. The ski resort of Saariselk. easily accessible by plane and with plenty of facilities, is particularly popular among aurora hunters. Buy edit add listing Finland has the euro () as its sole currency along with 24 other countries that use this common European money. These 24 countries are: Austria. Belgium. Cyprus. Estonia. Finland . France. Germany. Greece. Ireland. Italy. Latvia. Lithuania. Luxembourg. Malta. the Netherlands. Portugal. Slovakia. Slovenia and Spain (official euro members which are all European Union member states) as well as Andorra. Kosovo. Monaco. Montenegro. San Marino and the Vatican which use it without having a say in eurozone affairs and without being European Union members. Together, these countries have a population of more than 330 million. One euro is divided into 100 cents. While each official euro member (as well as Monaco, San Marino and Vatican) issues its own coins with a unique obverse, the reverse, as well as all bank notes, look the same throughout the eurozone. Every coin is legal tender in any of the eurozone countries. Finland does not use the 1 and 2 cent coins instead all sums are rounded to the nearest 5 cents. The coins are, however, still legal tender and there are even small quantities of Finnish 1c and 2c coins, highly valued by collectors. It is common to omit cents and the euro sign from prices, and use the comma as a decimal separator: 5,50 thus means five euros and fifty cents. Getting or exchanging money is rarely a problem, as ATMs (Otto) are common and they can be operated with international credit and debit cards (Visa, Visa Electron, Mastercard, Maestro). Currencies other than the euro are generally not accepted, although the Swedish krona may be accepted in land and northern border towns like Tornio. Russian roubles are accepted in some select touristy shops, such as Stockmann in Helsinki. Money changers are common in the bigger cities (the Forex chain 33 is ubiquitous) and typically have longer opening hours and faster service than banks. Credit cards are widely accepted, and the payment is almost always accepted by your PIN code. Visa Electron and Visa Debit cardreaders are found in all major and most minor shops, so carrying large amounts of cash is not usually necessary. As a rule, tipping is never necessary in Finland and restaurant bills already include service charges. That said, taxi fares and other bills paid by cash are are occasionally rounded up to the next convenient number. Cloakrooms ( narikka ) in nightclubs and better restaurants often have non-negotiable fees (usually clearly signposted, 83643 is standard), and 8212 in the few hotels that employ them 8212 hotel porters will expect around the same per bag. Costs edit Declared the worlds most expensive country in 1990, prices have since abated somewhat but are still steep by most standards. Rock-bottom traveling if staying in hostel dorms and self-catering costs at least 25day and its well worth doubling that amount. The cheapest hotels cost about 50 per night and more regular hotels closer to 100. Instead of hotels or hostels, look for holiday cottages, especially when travelling in a group and off-season, you can find a full-equipped cottage for 10-15 per person a night. Camp-sites typically cost between 10 and 20 per tent. Museums and tourist attractions have an entrance fee in the range of 5-25. Using public transport costs a few euros per day and depends on the city. One-way travel between major cities by train or by bus costs between 20 and 100, depending on the distance. Note that a VAT of 24 is charged for nearly everything, but by law this must be included in the displayed price. Non-EU residents can get a tax refund for purchases above 40 at participating outlets, just look for the Tax-Free Shopping logo. Shopping edit As you might expect given the general price level, souvenir shopping in Finland isnt exactly cheap. Traditional buys include Finnish puukko knives, handwoven ryijy rugs and every conceivable part of a reindeer. For any Lappish handicrafts, look for the Smi Duodji label that certifies it as authentic. Popular brands for modern (or timeless) Finnish design include Marimekko 34 clothing, Iittala 35 glass, Arabia 36 ceramics, Kalevala Koru 37 jewelry, Pentik 38 interior design and, if you dont mind the shipping costs, Artek 39 furniture by renowned architect and designer Alvar Aalto. Kids and not a few adults love Moomin 40 characters, which fill up souvenir store shelves throughout the country. In case one prefers souvenirs that are made in Finland and do not just appear Finn Made, caution is advised. Many wooden products are actually imported and Marimekko, for instance, manufactures most of its products outside Finland. Safe bets for truly Finnish souvenirs are products made by Lapuan Kankurit 41 and Aarikka 42. for example. Grocery stores are rather common, and there is usually at least one supermarket in almost all localities. The range of products in Finnish grocery stores tends to be a little bit more limited than in neighboring countries (except perhaps in Norway). Many products need to be imported, and this unfortunately shows in the selection of goods and the pricing. It is not uncommon to see exactly the same product in different shops, at exactly the same price. Finnish food markets are mainly dominated by two large groups: S Group (supermarket chains Sale . Alepa . S-Market and hypermarket chain Prisma ), and K Group (supermarket chains K-Extra . K-Market . K-Supermarket and hypermarket chain K-Citymarket , while local market chains like Siwa . Valintatalo . Tarmo and M-Market covers lots of gaps where larger chains do not operate. In addition to these chains, international discount store chain Lidl operates around 150 stores in Finland, mainly in cities and towns with population over 5,000. It usually offers the cheapest prices, and product range is similar to the rest of Europe. Previous restrictions on shopping hours were recently lifted, and now vary significantly by shop and location. For many smaller shops in large towns, normal weekday opening hours are around 08:00-22:00, but may be closed or have reduced hours during weekends. Larger shops and grocery stores in central locations are sometimes open later. Shopping hours for specialty stores, as well as shops in small towns and in the countryside, are often much shorter. Note that opening hours are often reduced considerably around national holidays, such as Christmas, Easter or Midsummer. Convenience stores like the ubiquitous R-Kioski 43 tend to have longer hours, but are often closed when you most need them. Some shops in Central Helsinki are open 247 or until 22:00 every day of the year. If in desperate need of basic supplies, gas station convenience stores are usually open on weekends and until late at night. Most notable 247 Gas station-chains are ABC 44 and Shell 45. While shopkeepers may vehemently deny this to a foreigner, prices in smaller stores are by no means fixed. When buying hobby equipment, it is not uncommon to get 30160 discount (hint: Find the international price level from a web shop and print it out). The more specialized the goods, the higher the gap between Finnish and international prices, and mail order may save a lot of money. When a package is intercepted by customs (which is quite rate for physically small items), the buyer is notified and can pick it up from customs. VAT and possibly import duty are charged, bring a copy of the order that is then signed by the buyer and archived. When buying consumer electronics, one should be aware that the shelf life of products can be rather long, especially if the shop isnt specialized in consumer electronics. There is a risk to buy an overpriced product that has already been discontinued by the manufacturer or replaced with a newer model. Eat edit add listing A typical Finnish meal. Clockwise from bottom: warm smoked salmon, boiled potatoes, cream sauce with chantarelles, lightly pickled cucumbers with dill Finnish cuisine is heavily influenced by its neighbors, the main staples being potatoes and bread with various fish and meat dishes on the side. Milk or cream is traditionally considered an important part of the diet and is often an ingredient in foods and a drink, even for adults. Various milk products such as cheeses are also produced. While traditional Finnish food is famously bland, the culinary revolution that followed joining the EU has seen a boom in classy restaurants experimenting with local ingredients, often with excellent results. Seafood edit With tens of thousands of lakes and a long coastline, fish is a Finnish staple, and theres a lot more on that menu than just salmon ( lohi ). Specialities include: Baltic herring ( silakka ), a small, fatty and quite tasty fish available pickled, marinated, smoked, grilled and in countless other varieties Gravlax (graavilohi), a pan-Scandinavian appetizer of raw salted salmon Smoked salmon ( savulohi ), not just the cold, thinly sliced, semi-raw kind but also fully cooked warm smoked salmon Vendace ( muikku ), a speciality in eastern Finland, a small fish served fried, heavily salted and typically with mashed potatoes Other local fish to look out for include zander ( kuha ), an expensive delicacy, pike ( hauki ) and perch ( ahven ). Meat dishes edit Reindeer stew ( poronkristys ), a Lappish favorite Meatballs ( lihapullat ), served with mashed potatoes and lingonberry jam Karelian stew ( karjalanpaisti ), a heavy stew usually made from beef and pork (and optionally, lamb), carrots and onions, usually served with potatoes Liver casserole ( maksalaatikko ), consisting of chopped liver, rice and raisins cooked in an oven it tastes rather different from what youd expect (and not liver-y at all) Loop sausage ( lenkkimakkara ), a large, mildly flavored sausage best when grilled and topped with a dab of sweet Finnish mustard ( sinappi ), and beer Meat balls ( lihapullat . lihapyrykt ) are as popular and tasty as in neighboring Sweden Reindeer ( poro ) dishes, especially sauteed reindeer shavings ( poronkristys . served with potato mash and lingonberries), not actually a part of the everyday Finnish diet but a tourist staple and common in the frigid North Swedish hash (pyttipannu), (originally from Sweden. Swedish: pytt i panna) a hearty dish of potatoes, onions and any meaty leftovers on hand fried up in a pan and topped with an egg Makkara traditional Finnish sausage. Affectionately called the Finnish mans vegetable since the actual meat content may be rather low. Milk products edit Cheese and other milk products are very popular in Finland. The most common varieties are mild hard cheeses like Edam and Emmental, but local specialities include: Aura cheese ( aurajuusto ), a local variety of blue cheese, also used in soups, sauces and as a pizza topping. Breadcheese ( leipjuusto or juustoleip ), a type of very mild-flavored grilled curd that squeaks when you eat it, best enjoyed warm with a dab of cloudberry jam Piim . a type of buttermilk beverage, thick and sour Viili . a gelatinous, stretchy and sour variant of yoghurt Other dishes edit Karelian pie ( karjalanpiirakka ), a signature Finnish pastry Pea soup ( hernekeitto ), usually but not always with ham, traditionally eaten with a dab of mustard and served on Thursdays just watch out for the flatulence Karelian pies ( karjalanpiirakka ), an oval 7 by 10 cm baked pastry, traditionally baked with rye flour, containing rice porridge or mashed potato, ideally eaten topped with butter and chopped egg ( munavoi ) Porridge ( puuro ), usually made from oats ( kaura ), barley ( ohra ), rice ( riisi ) or rye ( ruis ) and most often served for breakfast Bread edit Bread ( leip ) is served with every meal in Finland, and comes in a vast array of varieties. Rye bread is the most popular bread in Finland. Typically Finnish ones include: hapankorppu . dry, crispy and slightly sour flatbread, occasionally sold overseas as Finncrisp limppu . catch-all term for big loaves of fresh bread nkkileip . another type of dark, dried, crispy rye flatbread ruisleip (rye bread), can be up to 100 rye and much darker, heavier and chewier than American-style rye bread unlike in Swedish tradition, Finnish rye bread is typically unsweetened and thus sour and even bitter. rieska . unleavened bread made from wheat or potatoes, eaten fresh Seasonal and regional specialities edit Attack of the killer mushrooms The false morel ( korvasieni ) has occasionally been dubbed the Finnish fugu, as like the infamous Japanese pufferfish, an improperly prepared false morel can kill you . Fortunately, its easily rendered safe by boiling (just dont breathe in the fumes), and prepared mushrooms can be found in gourmet restaurants and even canned. From the end of July until early September its worthwhile to ask for crayfish ( rapu ) menus and prices at better restaurants. Its not cheap, you dont get full from the crayfish alone and there are many rituals involved, most of which involve large quantities of ice-cold vodka, but it should be tried at least once. Or try to sneak onto a corporate crayfish party guestlist, places are extremely coveted at some. Around Christmas, baked ham is the traditional star of the dinner table, with a constellation of casseroles around it. There are also regional specialties, including Eastern Finland s kalakukko (a type of giant fish pie ) and Tampere s infamous blood sausage ( mustamakkara ). Around Easter keep an eye out for mmmi . a type of brown sweet rye pudding which is eaten with cream and sugar. It looks famously unpleasant but actually tastes quite good. Desserts edit An assortment of pulla straight from the oven For dessert or just as a snack, Finnish pastries abound and are often taken with coffee (see Drink ) after a meal. Look for cardamom coffee bread ( pulla ), a wide variety of tarts ( torttu ), and donuts ( munkki ). In summer, a wide range of fresh berries are available, including the delectable but expensive cloudberry ( lakka ), and berry products are available throughout the year as jam ( hillo ), soup ( keitto ) and a type of gooey clear pudding known as kiisseli . Finnish chocolate is also rather good, with Fazer 46 products including their iconic Sininen (Blue) bar exported around the world. A more Finnish speciality is licorice ( lakritsi ), particularly the strong, salty kind known as salmiakki . which gets its unique (and acquired) taste from ammonium chloride. Places to eat edit Cold fish buffet at Liekkilohi, Savonlinna Finns tend to eat out only on special occasions, and restaurant prices are correspondingly expensive. The one exception is lunchtime . when thanks to a government-sponsored lunch coupon system company cafeterias and nearly every restaurant in town offers set lunches for around 8-9, usually consisting of a main course, salad bar, bread table and a drink. University cafeterias, many of which are open to all, are particularly cheap with meals in the 2-4 range for students, although without local student ID you will usually need to pay about 5-7. There are also public cafeterias in office administration areas that are open only during lunch hours on working days. While not particularly stylish and sometimes hard to find, those usually offer high-quality buffet lunch at a reasonable price (typically 8.40 in 2018). The cafe scene has quickly developed, especially since the 1990s and above all in Helsinki. The array of cakes and pastries is not perhaps as vast as in Central Europe. but the local special coffees (lattes, mochas etc.) are worth trying when it comes to the two big local coffee house chains: Waynes Coffee (originated in Sweden) and Roberts Coffee (Finland). You can now also find Starbucks in Finland. For dinner, youll be limited to generic fast food (pizza, hamburgers, kebabs and such) in the 5-10 range, or youll have to splurge over 20 for a meal in a nice restaurant. For eating on the move, look for grill kiosks ( grilli ), which serve sausages, hamburgers and other portable if not terribly health-conscious fare late into the night at reasonable prices. In addition to the usual hamburgers and hot dogs, look for meat pies ( lihapiirakka ), akin to a giant savoury doughnut stuffed with minced meat and your choice of sausage, fried eggs and condiments. Hesburger 47 is the local fast-food equivalent of McDonalds, with a similar menu. They have a Finnish interpretation of a few dishes, such as a sour-rye chicken sandwich. Of course most international fast food chains are present, especially McDonalds, which offers many of their sandwich buns substituted with a sour-rye bun on request. The Finnish word for buffet is seisova pyt (standing table), and while increasingly used to refer to all-you-can-eat Chinese or Italian restaurants, the traditional meaning is akin to Swedens smrgsbord . a good-sized selection of sandwiches, fish, meats and pastries. Its traditionally eaten in three rounds 8212 first the fish, then the cold meats, and finally warm dishes 8212 and its usually the first that is the star of the show. Though expensive and not very common in a restaurant setting, if you are fortunate enough to be formally invited to a Finns home, they will likely have prepared a spread for their guest, along with plenty of coffee. Breakfast at better hotels is also along these lines and its easy to eat enough to cover lunch as well If youre really on a budget, you can save a considerable amount of money by self-catering . Ready-to-eat casseroles and other basic fare that can be quickly prepared in a microwave can be bought for a few euros in any supermarket. Note that youre usually expected to weigh and label any fruits or vegetables yourself (bag it, place it on the scale and press the numbered button. The correct number can be found from the price sign), and green signs mean possibly tastier but certainly more expensive organic ( luomu ) produce. One should be aware that more often than not, cheap food contains disproportionate amounts of fat. At restaurants, despite the high prices, portions tend to be quite small, at least when compared to USA and Canada. and even many European countries. Dietary restrictions edit Traditional Finnish cuisine relies heavily on meat and fish, but vegetarianism ( kasvissynti ) is increasingly popular and well-understood, and will rarely pose a problem for travellers. Practically all restaurants offer vegetarian options, often marked with a V on menus. Two ailments commonly found among Finns themselves are lactose intolerance ( laktoosi-intoleranssi . inability to digest the milk sugar lactose) and coeliac disease ( keliakia . inability to digest gluten). In restaurants, lactose-free selections are often tagged L (low-lactose products are sometimes called Hyla or marked with VL), while gluten-free options are marked with G. However, hydrolyzed lactose (HYLA brand) milk or lactose-free milk drink for the lactose intolerant is widely available, which also means that a lactose-free dish is not necessarily milk-free. Allergies are quite common among Finnish people, too, so restaurant workers are usually quite knowledgeable on what goes into each dish and often it is possible to get the dish without certain ingredients if specified. Kosher and halal food are rare in Finland and generally not available outside very limited speciality shops and restaurants catering to the tiny Jewish and Islamic communities. Watch out for minced meat dishes like meatballs, which very commonly use a mix of beef and pork. The Jewish Community of Helsinki 48 runs a small kosher deli in Helsinki. and there are Halal grocery stores and restaurants in some larger towns. Drink edit add listing Thanks to its thousands of lakes, Finland has plenty of water supplies and tap water is always potable (In fact, never buy bottled water if you can get tap water). The usual soft drinks and juices are widely available, but look out for a wide array of berry juices ( marjamehu ), especially in summer, as well as Pommac . an unusual soda made from (according to the label) mixed fruits, which youll either love or hate. Coffee and tea edit Finns are the worlds heaviest coffee ( kahvi ) drinkers, averaging 3-4 cups per day. Most Finns drink it strong and black, but sugar and milk for coffee are always available and the more European variants such as espresso and cappuccino are becoming all the more common especially in the bigger cities. The biggest towns have had French-style fancy cafs for quite some time and modern competitors, like Waynes or Roberts Coffee, are springing up in the mix. For a quick caffeine fix, you can just pop into any convenience store, which will pour you a cuppa for 83642 or so. Tea hasnt quite caught on in quite the same way, although finding hot water and a bag of Lipton Yellow Label wont be a problem. For brewed tea, check out some of the finer downtown cafs or tea rooms. Dairy edit In Finland some people like to drink milk ( maito ) as an accompaniment to food at home or at the cafeteria at work or school. The most popular beverage is water, though. Another popular option is piim . or buttermilk. Viili . a type of curd, acts like super-stretchy liquid bubble gum but is similar to plain yogurt in taste. It is traditionally eaten with cinnamon and sugar on top. Fermented dairy products help stabilize the digestion system, so if your system is upset, give them a try. Alcohol edit Chilling out at the Arctic Icebar, Helsinki Alcohol is very expensive in Finland compared to most countries (though not to its Nordic neighbours Sweden and Norway ), although low-cost Estonia s entry to the EU has forced the government to cut alcohol taxes a little. Still, a single beer will cost you closer to 83644-5 in any bar or pub, or 83641 and up in a supermarket. While beer and cider are available in any supermarket or convenience store (until 9 PM), the state monopoly Alko 49 is your sole choice for wine or anything stronger. The legal drinking age is 18 for milder drinks, while to buy hard liquor from Alko you need to be 20. ID is usually requested from all young-looking clients. Some restaurants have higher age requirements, up to 30 years, but these are their own policies and are not always followed, especially at more quiet times. Surprisingly enough, the national drink is not Finlandia Vodka, but its local brand Koskenkorva 50 or Kossu in common speech. However, the two drinks are closely related: Kossu is 38 while Finlandia is 40, and Kossu also has a small amount of added sugar, which makes the two drinks taste somewhat different. There are also many other vodkas ( viina ) on the market, most of which taste pretty much the same, but look out for Strm . The Spirit of Santa, a Finnish attempt at a super-premium vodka. A local speciality is Salmiakki-Kossu or Salmari . prepared by mixing in salty black salmiakki licorice, whose taste masks the alcohol behind it fearfully well. Add in some Fishermans Friend menthol cough drops to get Fisu (Fish) shots, which are even more lethal. In-the-know hipsters opt for Pantteri (Panther), which is half and half Salmari and Fisu. Other classic shots are Jaloviina ( Jallu ) cut brandy and Tervasnapsi tar schnapps with a distinctive smoke aroma. Beer ( olut or kalja ) is also very popular, but Finnish beers are mostly nearly identical, mild lagers: common brands are Lapin Kulta . Karjala . Olvi . Koff and Karhu . Pay attention to the label when buying: beers branded I are inexpensive but has low alcohol content, while III and IV are stronger and more expensive. In normal shops you will not find any drinks with more than 4.7 alcohol. You may also encounter kotikalja (lit. home beer), a dark brown beer-like but very low-alcohol beverage. Imported beers are available in bigger grocery stores, most pubs and bars, and Czech beers in particular are popular and only slightly more expensive. In recent years, some microbreweries ( Laitila . Stadin panimo . Nokian panimo etc.) have been gaining foothold with their domestic dark lagers, wheat beers and ales. The latest trend is ciders ( siideri ). Most of these are artificially flavored sweet concoctions which are quite different from the English or French kinds, although the more authentic varieties are gaining market share. The ever-popular gin long drink or lonkero (lit. tentacle), a prebottled mix of gin and grapefruit soda, tastes better than it sounds and has the additional useful property of glowing under ultraviolet light. At up to 610 kcalliter it also allows to skip dinner, leaving more time for drinking. Different variations of lonkero have become quite popular as well, for example karpalolonkero . which is made from gin and cranberry soda. Remember that most long drinks you buy from a supermarket are made by fermenting, and if you want to get real mixed drink youll have to look for them in Alko . During the winter dont miss glgi . a type of spiced mulled wine served with almonds and raisins which can easily be made at home. The bottled stuff in stores is usually alcohol free, although it was originally made of old wine and Finns will very often mix in some wine or spirits. In restaurants, glgi is served either alcohol-free, or with 2cl vodka added. Fresh, hot glgi can, for example, be found at the Helsinki Christmas market. Quite a few unusual liquors ( likri ) made from berries are available, although theyre uniformly very sweet and usually served with dessert. Cloudberry liquor ( lakkalikri ) is worth a short even if you dont like the berries fresh. Homemade spirits: you have been warned More common in rural areas, illegal and frequently distilled on modified water purification plants - which are subject to import control laws nowadays - anecdotical evidence suggests that those are occasionally played as a prank on unsuspecting foreigners. Note that normal alcohol slows the metabolism of poisonous methanol and thus acts as an antidote. Politely decline the offer, especially if still sober. Finally, two traditional beverages worth looking for are mead ( sima ), an age-old wine-like brew made from brown sugar, lemon and yeast and consumed particularly around Mays Vappu festival, and sahti . a type of unfiltered, usually very strong beer often flavored with juniper berries (an acquired taste). Sleep edit add listing Inside a Finnish sauna Sauna The sauna is perhaps Finlands most significant contribution to the world (and the worlds vocabulary). The sauna is essentially a room heated to 708211120176C according to an oft-quoted statistic this nation of 5 million has no less than 2 million saunas, in apartments, offices, summer cottages and even Parliament. In ancient times, saunas (being the cleanest places around) were the place to give birth and heal the sick, and the first building constructed when setting up a new household. If invited to visit a Finnish home, you may be invited to bathe in the sauna as well 8212 this is an honour and should be treated as such, although Finns do understand that foreigners may not be keen about the idea. Enter the sauna nude after taking a shower, as wearing a bathing suit or any other clothing is considered a bit of a faux pas . although if you are feeling shy, you can wrap yourself in a bath towel. (When there are guests, men and women usually bathe separately.) The temperature is regulated by throwing water onto the stove ( kiuas ): the resulting rush of heat, known as lyly . is considered the key to the sauna experience. Some sauna-goers also like to flagellate themselves with leafy branches of birch ( vihta in western Finland, vasta in eastern Finland), which creates an enjoyable aroma and improves blood circulation. Depending on the occasion, the temperature in a Finnish sauna may start quite hot and gradually cool down over the hours, especially in a wood-heated sauna. The lower benches are cooler, the corner that is the furthest away from the stove is usually the hottest place. In work-related events, the actual decision-making frequently takes place in the sauna afterwards. In public saunas (hotels, gyms and the like), it is customary to sit on a paper towel (dont forget to take it out when leaving). The environment is rather hostile towards germs, so there is no need to worry about catching a disease from the sweaty wooden bench. If the heat is too much, cup your hands in front of your mouth or move down to a lower level to catch your breath. In winter, it is common to go for a swim in an ice hole in a nearby lake. The ground can be much colder than the water - use beach sandals or the like, if possible. After youve had your fill of sauna, you can cool off by heading outside for a dip in the lake or, in winter, a roll in the snow 8212 and then head back in for another round. Repeat this a few times, then cork open a cold beer, roast a sausage over a fire, and enjoy total relaxation Finnish style. These days the most common type of sauna features an electrically heated stove, which is easy to control and maintain. In the countryside you can still find wood-fired saunas, but purists prefer the (now very rare) traditional chimneyless smoke saunas ( savusauna ), where the sauna is heated by filling it with hot smoke and then ventilated well before entering. Anyone elderly or with a medical condition (especially high blood pressure) should consult their physician before using a sauna. Accommodation in Finland is expensive, but many large hotels are cheaper during the weekends and summer. In addition to the usual international suspects, check out local chains Cumulus 51. Scandic 52. Finlandia 53 and Sokos 54. The small but fast-growing Omena 55 chain offers cheap self-service hotels, where you book online and get a keycode for your room, with no check-in of any kind needed. One of the few ways to limit the damage is to stay in youth hostels ( retkeilymaja ), as the Finnish Youth Hostel Association 56 has a fairly comprehensive network throughout the country and and a dorm bed usually costs less than 836420 per night. Many hostels also have private rooms for as little as 836430, which are a great deal if you want a little extra privacy. An even cheaper option is to take advantage of Finlands right to access. or Every Mans Right ( jokamiehenoikeus ), which allows camping, hiking, and berry and mushroom picking as well as simple (rod and hook) fishing on uncultivated land. Since this is occasionally mis-interpreted by visiting foreigners, it may be a good idea to discuss travel plans with a local - or simply ask - to avoid embarrassing situations. Note that making a fire requires landowners permission. For a taste of the Finnish countryside, an excellent option is to stay at a cottage ( mkki ), thousands of which dot the lake shores. These are generally best in summer, but there are also many cottages around Laplands ski resorts. Prices vary widely based on facilities and location: simple cottages can go for as little as 836420night, while luxurious multistory mansions can go for 10 times that. Beware that, while all but the most basic ones will have electricity, its very common for cottages to lack running water: instead, the cottage will have an outhouse (pit toilet) and youre expected to bathe in the sauna and lake. Renting a car is practically obligatory since there are unlikely to be any facilities (shops, restaurants, etc) within walking distance. The largest cottage rental services are Lomarengas 57 and Nettimkki 58. both of which have English interfaces. Virtually every lodging in Finland includes a sauna ( see box ) for guests 8212 dont miss it Check operating hours though, as theyre often only heated in the evenings and there may be separate shifts of men and women. Learn edit Finlands universities are generally well-regarded and offer many exchange programs, but the high cost of living and the prospect of facing the long, cold Finnish winter mean that the country is not a particularly popular choice. However, there are no tuition fees for regular degree students, including international exchange students. While lectures are usually conducted in Finnish, most universities offer the option to complete all courses through assignments and exams in English. Many universities also offer the option to study Finnish at various levels. A reasonable monthly budget (excluding rent) would be 600 to 900. Rents vary depending on location such that in Greater Helsinki and particularly Helsinki proper prices may be two times that of cheaper locations or student housing. Many exchange programs fully or partly subsidize accommodation in student dorms. However, the state does not provide student accommodation and dorms are usually owned by student unions and foundations. Student union membership at around 70-100year is obligatory, but this includes free access to student health services. EU citizens can simply enter the country and register as a student after arrival, while students from elsewhere will need to arrange their residence permit beforehand. CIMO 59 (Centre for International Mobility) administers exchange programs and can arrange scholarships and traineeships in Finland, while the Finnish National Board of Education 60 offers basic information about study opportunities. Work edit There is little informal work to be found and most jobs require at least a remedial level of Finnish. Citizens of European Union countries can work freely in Finland, but acquiring a work permit from outside the EU means doing battle with the infamous Directorate of Immigration ( Maahanmuuttovirasto ) 61. However, students permitted to study full-time in Finland are allowed work part-time (up to 25 hweek) or even full-time during holiday periods. For jobs, you might want to check out the Ministry of Labour 62. Most of the posted jobs are described in Finnish so you may need some help in translation, but some jobs are in English. A rapidly growing trend in Finland, especially for the younger generation, is to work for placement agencies. Although there has been a massive surge of public companies going private in the last ten years, this trend seems to be fueled by the increased demand for more flexible work schedules as well as the freedom to work seasonally or sporadically. Due to the nature of these types of agencies as well as the types of work they provide, it is common for them to hire non-Finns. Some agencies include Adecco, Staff Point, Manpower, Aaltovoima and Biisoni. If you are invited to a job interview, remember that modesty is a virtue in Finland. Finns appreciate facts and directness, so stay on topic and be truthful. Exaggeration and bragging is usually associated with lying. You can check expected salaries with the union for your field, as they usually have defined minimum wages. Salaries range from 1,200 - 6,500 per month (2018). Stay safe edit Crimeviolence: Low Most violence is alcohol-related andor domestic walking in the street is usually safe even in the night Authoritiescorruption: Low The police are generally courteous and speak some English, offering bribes will get you into serious trouble. Transportation: Low to Moderate Icy roads and sidewalks in the winter, mooses and other animals occasionally crossing the roads Health: Low Tick and mosquito bites Nature: Low to Moderate Blizzards in the winter, getting lost when hiking in the forests Crime edit Finland enjoys a comparatively low crime rate and is, generally, a very safe place to travel. Use common sense at night, particularly on Friday and Saturday when the youth of Finland hit the streets to get drunk and in some unfortunate cases look for trouble. The easiest way to get beaten is to pay a visit at a grill kiosk after bars and pubs have closed and start arguing with drunken people. It is, anyway statistically more likely that your home country is less safe than Finland, so heed whatever warnings you would do in your own country and you will have no worries. If you yourself run in with the law, remember that Finland is one of the worlds least corrupt countries and you will not be able to buy yourself out of trouble. Finnish police never requires a cash payment of fines which it gives. Do not ever give money to person who presents himherself as a police officer. An obvious way to stay out of most kinds of trouble is to stay sober and act businesslike, when dealing with police, security or the like. Racism is a generally of minor concern, especially in the cosmopolitan major cities, but there have been a few rare but highly publicized incidents of black, romani amp Arab people getting beaten up, attacks against immigrants and group fights with native Finns amp immigrants. Sometimes there might be group fights where immigrants do their part as well, but thats very uncommon. The average visitor, though, is highly unlikely to encounter any problems. Pickpockets are rare, but not unheard of, especially in the busy tourist months in the summer and almost always done by foreigners. Most Finns carry their wallets in their pockets or purses and feel quite safe while doing it. Parents often leave their sleeping babies in a baby carriage on the street while visiting a shop, and in the countryside cars and house doors are often left unlocked. On the other hand, you have to be careful if you buy or rent a bicycle. Bicycle thieves are everywhere, never leave your bike unlocked even for a minute. In case of emergency edit 112 is the national phone number for all emergency services, including police, and it does not require an area code, regardless of what kind of phone youre using. The number works on any mobile phone, whether it is keylocked or not, and with or without a SIM card. If a cellphone challenges you with a PIN code, you can simply type in 112 as a PIN code - most phones will give a choice to call the number. This is not possible with all phones For inquiries about poisons or toxins (from mushrooms, plants, medicine or other chemicals) call the national Toxin Information Office at (09) 471 977. At sea, the maritime search and rescue number is 0294 1000. Stay healthy edit Signs to watch out for vaara, vaarallinen160 danger, dangerous sortumisvaara160 risk of avalanchelandslidemudslide hirvivaara160 risk of mooseelks on the road hengenvaara160 life threatening danger tulipalo160 fire kielletty160 prohibited psy kielletty or privat no entry htuloskynti or htpoistumistie160 emergency exit lkri160 doctor poliisi160 police sairaala160 hospital apua160 help Youre unlikely to have stomach troubles in Finland, since tap water is always drinkable (and generally quite tasty as well), and hygiene standards in restaurants are strict. If you have any sort of allergies, many restaurants often display in the menu the most common ingredients that people typically are allergic to. Examples: (L) Lactose free, (VL) Low Lactose, (G) Gluten free, if you are unsure just ask the waitress or restaurant staff. There are few serious health risks in Finland. Your primary enemy especially in wintertime will be the cold . particularly if trekking in Lapland. Finland is a sparsely populated country and, if heading out into the wilderness, it is imperative that you register your travel plans with somebody who can inform rescue services if you fail to return. Always keep your mobile phone with you if you run into trouble. Dress warmly in layers and bring along a good pair of sunglasses to prevent snow blindness . especially in the spring and if you plan to spend whole days outdoors. Always keep a map, a compass and preferably a GPS with you while trekking in the wilderness. Take extra precautions in Lapland, where it can be several days hike to the nearest house or road. Weather can change rapidly, and even though the sun is shining now, you can have a medium sized blizzard on your hands (no joke) an hour or two later. If out on the lakes and sea, remember that wind and water will cool you faster than cold air, and keeping dry means keeping warm. A person that falls into cold water (close to zero C) can die in a few minutes. Safety in small boats . Dont drink alcohol, wear a life vest at all times, if your boat capsizes - keep clothes on to stay warm, cling to the boat if possible (swim only if shore is a few hundred meters away, never try to swim in cold water below 20176C). Finland hosts a number of irritating insects, but if you are planning to stay in the centres of major cities, you are unlikely to encounter them. A serious nuisance in summer are mosquitoes ( hyttynen ), hordes of which inhabit Finland (particularly Lapland) in summer, especially after rains. While they carry no malaria or other nasty diseases, many species of Finnish mosquitoes make a distinctive (and highly irritating) whining sound while tracking their prey, and their bites are very itchy. As usual, mosquitoes are most active around dawn and sunset 8212 which, in the land of the Midnight Sun, may mean most of the night in summer. There are many different types of mosquito repellants available which can be bought from almost any shop. Another summer nuisance are gadflies ( paarma ), whose bites can leave a mark lasting for days, even for month. A more recent introduction to Finnish summers are deer keds ( hirvikrpnen ), that can be particularly nasty if they manage to shed their wings and burrow into hair (although they rarely bite as humans are not their intended targets, and mainly exist in deep forests). Use repellent, ensure your tent has good mosquito netting and consider prophylaxis with cetirizine (brand names include Zyrtec . Heinix . Cetirizin Ratiopharm ), an anti-allergen that (if taken in advance) will neutralize your reaction to any bites. Topical anti-allergens in the form of gels and creams are also available as over-the-counter medication. A flea comb can be useful for removing deer keds. As in other European countries, mites can become a major annoyance, if walking bare-footed. As a remedy, Permethrin creme is available from pharmacies without prescription. In southern Finland, especially land. the Lappeenranta - Parikkala - Imatra - axis and areas near Turku s coast, there are ticks ( punkki ) which appear on summertime and can transmit Lymes disease (borreliosis) and viral encephalitis through a bite. Although these incidents are relatively rare and not all ticks carry the disease, its advisable to wear dark trousers rather than shorts if you plan to walk through dense andor tall grass areas (the usual habitat for ticks). You can buy special tick tweezers from the pharmacy ( punkkipihdit ) which can be used to remove a tick safely if you happen to get bitten. You should remove the tick from your skin as quickly as possible and preferably with the tick tweezers to reduce the risks of getting an infection. If the tick bite starts to form red rings on the skin around it or if you experience other symptoms relating to the bite, you should visit a doctor as soon as possible. The only venomous insects in Finland are wasps ( ampiainen ), bees ( mehilinen ) and bumblebees ( kimalainen ). Their stings can be painful, but are not dangerous, unless you receive several stings or if you are allergic to it. Theres only one type of venomous snake in Finland, the European adder ( kyy or kyykrme ), which has a distinct zig-zag type of figure on its back, although some of them are almost completely black. They are mostly found near lake sides and sometimes in the streets like Kristianinkatu and Kamppi. The snake occurs across Finland all the way from the south to up north in Lapland. Although their bites are extremely rarely fatal (except for small children and allergic persons), one should be careful in the summertime especially when walking in the forests or on open fields at the countryside. Walk so that you make the ground vibrate and snakes will go away, they attack people only when somebody frightens them. If you are bitten by a snake, always get medical assistance. If you are planning to travel in the nature on summertime, its advisable to buy a kyypakkaus (Adder pack, a medicine set which contains a couple of hydrocortisone pills). It can be bought from any Finnish pharmacy. It is used to reduce the reactions after an adder bite, however its still advisable to see a doctor even after youve taken the hydrocortisone pills. The kyypakkaus can also be used to relieve the pain, swelling and other allergic reactions caused by bee stings. If you see an ant nest, ants have quite likely taken care of all snakes nearby. As for other dangerous wildlife, theres not much more than a few extremely rare encounters with brown bears ( karhu ) and wolves ( susi ) in the wilderness. Both of these animals are listed as endangered species. Contrary to popular belief abroad, there are no polar bears in Finland, let alone polar bears walking on the city streets. The brown bear, which occurs across Finland, has been spotted on a few very exceptional occasions even in the edges of the largest Finnish cities, but normally bears try to avoid humans whenever possible. The brown bear hibernates during the winter. In the least densely populated areas near the Russian border, there has been some rare incidents of wolf attacks - mainly lone, hungry wolves attacking domestic animals and pets. During the past 100 years there has been one recorded case of a human killed by a large predator. In general, theres no need to worry about dangerous encounters with wild beasts in Finland, other than traffic accidents. In winter, lakes and the sea are frozen. Walking, skating or even driving a car on the ice is commonly seen, but fatal accidents arent unheard of either, so ask and heed local advice. If the ice fails, it is difficult to get back out of the water, as the ice will be slippery. Small ice picks are sold as safety equipment (a pair of steel needles with bright plastic grips, connected with a safety line). Given the size of the Finnish population, a surprisingly high number of people drown in the lakes every year in summer. As pointed out by an annual public awareness campaign (partly Finnish black humor, partly the truth), the stereotypical accident involves an intoxicated fisherman who capsizes his boat while standing up to pee. Respect edit Fishing Finnish style It was a beautiful summer day, and Virtanen and Lahtinen were in a little rowboat in the middle of a lake, fishing. Two hours passed, both men sitting quietly, and then Lahtinen said Nice weather today. Virtanen grunted and stared intently at his fishing rod. Two more hours passed. Lahtinen said, Gee, the fish arent biting today. Virtanen shot back: Thats because you talk too much. Drinking Finnish style Virtanen and Lahtinen decided to go drinking at their lakeside cottage. For a couple hours, both men sat silently and emptied their bottles. After a few more hours, Lahtinen decided to break the ice: Isnt it nice to have some quality time Virtanen glared at Lahtinen and answered: Are we here to drink or talk Finns generally have a relaxed attitude towards manners, and a visitor is unlikely to offend them by accident. Common sense is quite enough in most situations, but there are a couple of things that one should keep in mind: Finns are a famously taciturn people who have little time for small talk or social niceties, so dont expect to hear phrases like thank you or youre welcome too often. The Finnish language lacks a specific word for please so Finns sometimes forget to use it when speaking English, even when they dont mean to be rude. Also lacking in Finnish is the distinction between he and she, which may lead to confusing errors. Occasional silence is considered a part of the conversation, not a sign of hostility or irritation. Being loud in crowded places like public transport or a restaurant is considered rude. If you ever ended up to argue with someone, the social norm is to stay calm during an argument . Arguing loudly with a stranger is considered very rude. All that said, Finns are generally helpful and polite, and glad to help confused tourists if asked. The lack of niceties has more to do with the fact that in Finnish culture, honesty is highly regarded and that one should open ones mouth only to mean what one is about to say. Do not say maybe later when there is no later time to be expected. A visitor is unlikely to receive many compliments from Finns, but can be fairly sure that the compliments received are genuine. Another highly regarded virtue in Finland is punctuality . A visitor should apologize even for being a few minutes late. Being late for longer usually requires a short explanation. 10 min is usually considered the threshold between being acceptably late and very late. Some will leave arranged meeting points after 15 min. With the advent of mobile phones, sending a text message even if you are only a few minutes late is nowadays a norm. Being late for a business meeting, even by 1 or 2 min, is considered rude. The standard greeting is a handshake . Hugs are only exchanged between family members and close friends in some situations, kisses, even on the cheek, practically never. Personal space is important, and standing very near someone can make Finns feel uncomfortable. If you are invited to a Finnish home, the only bad mistake visitors can make is not to remove their shoes . For much of the year, shoes will carry a lot of snow or mud. Therefore, it is customary to remove them, even during the summer, and not doing so is considered impolite. During the wet season you can ask to put your shoes somewhere to dry during your stay. Very formal occasions at private homes, such as baptisms (often conducted at home in Finland) or somebodys 50th birthday party, are exceptions to these rules. In the wintertime, this sometimes means that the guests bring separate clean shoes and put them on while leaving outdoor shoes to the hall. Bringing gifts such as pastry, wine, or flowers to the host is appreciated, but not required. In Finland, there is little in the way of a dress code . The general attire is casual and even in business meetings the attire is somewhat more relaxed than in some other countries. Topless sunbathing is accepted but not very common on beaches in the summer, while going au naturel is common in lakeside saunas and dedicated nudist beaches. Finnish society is egalitarian . Finnish women participate actively in the workforce and are rather well represented in leading roles of society. Signs of social rank such as official titles are often not used, and it is very common for people to address superiors like teachers or bosses by using first name only. Especially younger Finns usually speak excellent English, in part due to the policy of subtitling foreign language movies and TV series instead of dubbing them. However, picking up a few local words is also a good idea. Finnish is a hard language to master, but knowing a few words will definitely be received warmly. When interacting with Swedish-speaking Finns, knowing a few words of Swedish will be received very well. The cultural region to which Finland belongs is correctly referred to as Nordic or North European . Finns do not generally consider themselves Scandinavian or East European . and these usually refer to Finlands neighboring countries. While you wont really offend anyone if you use these terms, it might be considered a little odd or ignorant. Even though it is unlikely that youll seriously offend anybody, certain topics of discussion can sometimes be slightly sensitive. Although once a part of the Russian Empire, Finland fought against the Soviet Union in WWII and has remained unaligned since the Cold War, and referring to Finland as belonging to the Russian sphere of influence most likely wont be appreciated. A majority of Finnish men still serve for some time in the Finnish armed forces, and expressing strong views on the military or on wartime history can sometimes stir up emotions. Finnish war veterans from World War II are highly respected and considered honorary citizens in Finnish society. As elsewhere, joking about the countrys domestic problems should only be done only if you know it will be received well. While humorous remarks about high rates of depression, suicide and alcoholism might be common amongst Finns and foreigners alike, its nonetheless good to remember that these are serious social problems that cause misery to people and their loved ones. Contact edit By mail edit Finlands mail service, run by Posti. is fast, reliable and pricy. A postcard to Finland and anywhere in the world costs 1. By phone edit Aloe Ferox (Bitter Aloe) December 30, 2018 - 1:28pm I039m hoping that there039s people in all regions trying to establish a seedbank population large enough to defer some of the illegal demand for this product into other (USA for example) sources instead. I039m not exactly in a state well-known as great for growing Aloes. Colorado just gets too cold in the winter to let them grow in inconvenient-to-move but deep outdoor soil. Given that Aloe is notoriously hard to get to bolt (produce seed) without some special methods, this is going to be a challenge, to say the least. Without the deep soil, they just plain don039t get big enough to bloom Submitted by Roxanne on September 9, 2018 - 12:24am Brooklyn. New York As a child my grandma would give us to clean the blood as well as bowel and I find it very good Submitted by Hermelinda on May 25, 2018 - 9:07am This design is incredible You definitely know how to keep a reader entertained. Between your wit and your videos, I was almost moved to start my own blog (well, almost. HaHa) Wonderful job. I really loved what you had to say, and more than that, how you presented it. Too cool I have been surfing on-line greater than 3 hours as of late, but I never found any interesting article like yours. It039s lovely value sufficient for me. In my view, if all web owners and bloggers made just right content material as you did, the internet will likely be much more helpful than ever before. March 30, 2018 - 3:12pm I am from South Africa and we grow up with Aloe Vera in all forms. The crystals are taken regularly to prevent parasites and the ointment have multimal uses. We give it to our kids from very young as here in the semi tropics al kind of insect can be found. My son has secle cell anemia and are not allowed any anti maleria medicine. He has been on the crystals almost from birth as it is a good insect repellent. Mossies do not like the bitter taste in the blood. It is very good for improving the immune system. I am 66 and look 15:years younger due to Aloe ferox. I have no arthiritis and still go hiking with my kids. This is the only suppliment I take. No need for any other. Submitted by Ray on June 25, 2018 - 3:31am Johannesburg South Africa. Hi, what really amazes me is the diverse health benefits of aloe ferro bitter crystals, from skin health to asthma relief to a healthy energy boost. the only thing that has brought about relief for digestive tract discomfort which has been slow but constant improvement, have even experienced a healthy but slight loss of weight. Ive enjoyed an increase in vitality and sense of well being and this only from taking the bitter crystals. Just of note i have been battling health issues brought on by asthma medication and have tried every possible health cure after giving up the medication (blood pressure, elevated cholesterol and loss of blood sugar control - all as a consequence of the cortisone based asthma med). Aloe ferrox bitter crystals has given me the most broad spectrum help of all the health reestablishing protocols Ive tried which have included from rife technology to high doses of vitamin C etc etc etc. Strangely most health promoting protocols come with their own side effects so its the aloe that has provided the least complications ie a sense of drowsiness at high doses. And to top it all its by far the cheapest solution Ive come across. This is just a word of encouragement to those seeking to restore their health, nature has a cure. Submitted by Fifi on Is Aloe Ferox a herb that the body will get used to so will stop working after a while. and what is the difference between the herb and the pharmaceuticals used for constipation as these drugs are bad for the colon. Kind regards Fifi Baseline Nutritionals promise: USP grade nutraceuticals Organic and wild crafted herbs Liquid extracts made using the Barron Effect cGMP Compliancy amp 3rd Party Validated Baseline Nutritionals offers a 100 guarantee on all products. baselinenutritionals Quite simply the best book ever written on alternative health Aris Awitan, MD Houston, TX 2008 Expanded Hardcover Edition. Retail Price 24.95 Privacy Policy We respect your right to privacy. Therefore, we do not sell, or share any names or information to third parties or other mailing lists. Liability Statement The statements found within these pages have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. If a product or treatment is recommended in these pages, it is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. The information contained herein is meant to be used to educate the reader and is in no way intended to provide individual medical advice. 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